1853.] On the Mongolian Affinities of the Caucasians. 71 



cisely is Sou-we, ye, a compound of the root above cited for Thou, 

 and of the O, IT, root for He ; which latter, though obsolete in 

 Mantchu, is extant in Turki and in Ouigur as O ; in Magyar as O'e or 

 we ; in Circassian as ui or wi ; in Garo as u ; in Dhimali, in Gyarung 

 and in Tunglhu, as wa ; in Newari, as wo, &c. &c. Sou-we ye, is 

 therefore palpably a compound of the roots expressing Thou and 

 He ; So changing to Sou, as Mo to Mou, and O'e to we ; the e more- 

 over being a synonyme of 6, and a phase of the i root, found alike 

 in this very Mantchu tongue and in Circassian ; so that the Magyar 

 6e, Circassian ui and Mantchu i, with other instances just cited, lead 

 irresistably to we — He in Mantchu. Therefore Souwe, ye, is 

 literally Thou and He ; as Mouse, we is literally I and Thou. In 

 like manner the 3rd plural or they, Teset, is undoubtedly a com- 

 pound of Te = he, and Se = Thou. The se root has the ta particle 

 added as a conjunct servile (se-t,) according to a rule of universal 

 operation in these tongues. Te is extant in Mantchu in the sense 

 of He. It has the ra particle suffixed and harmonised in its vowel to 

 the vowel of the root (tere,) also according to an universal rule 

 governing these particles ; and Se, in the sense of Thou, is likewise 

 extant, as Si in Mantchu, as Se in Turki ; as Sa in some one of its 

 phases, in short, (Sa, Se, Si, So, Sii) in 20 of these tongues. There- 

 fore T^-se-t, or They, is, literally, He and Thou ; and the whole of the 

 three plurals are constructed upon precisely the same principle thus : 



Mou-se, = we, = I and Thou. 



Sou-we, = ye, = Thou and He. 



Te-se-t, == They, = He and Thou. 

 In like manner the Mongolian plurals Bi-da, Ta, and T^-de-t, might 

 be analysed by means of the Tibetan demonstratives Di and De with 

 their analogues in allied tongues ; and shown to be nothing more than 

 reiterate pronouns of the singular number, and also that the Da De, 

 is no more a plural sign than the third phase of this particle or Dou 

 (Da, De, Di, Do) is a dative sign though widely as erroneously so 

 regarded (just as De Coros regards the equivalent ra,* particle), wit- 



* De Coros, pursuant to his view of the ra particle, as a dative case sign, trans- 

 lates Namgar in one instance and another, to Heaven. Now, Nam is the Sun, and 

 Kha vel ga is place ; and that the ra suffix only emphasises the sense of KM vel 

 Ga may be shown by a familiar pair of Examples. Gar vel Garo and Takla-khar 



