72 On the Mongolian Affinities of the Caucasians. [No. I. 



ness T se-do, to the earth, Ko-da, to the foot, &c, in the Caucasian 

 group, according to Vater. In truth, the Da particle is in these latter 

 instances a servile, not a radical, as is the se before given ; but appa- 

 rently neither radical nor servile can be regarded in strictness as a 

 declensional sign, of case or of number. Nor in the great majority 

 of these tongues from Caucasus to Oceanica do these or the other 

 particles* ordinarily fulfil the necessary conditions of such a sign, 

 with the scant and obvious exceptions before noted. The Sa radical 

 and the da servile are both alike particles and as such subject to the 

 laws regulating particles according to which all their alleged anomalies 

 in either character can be explained, including not only every vocalic 

 change, incident to them in both capacities alike, but also that sub- 

 stitution whereby they interchange functions and the root becomes a 

 servile, or the servile, a root. Thus, for example, the se particle is 

 undoubtedly a root in the instances cited above ; and it is as un- 

 doubtedly a servile in the Magar tongue wherein I'-se means this, 

 and O'-se, that ; i and 6 being the near and remote demonstratives, 

 with se as a servile affix, answering exactly to the Georgian S, in i-s, 

 he. Compare Circassian i with Georgian i-s, and the servile and 

 equivalent character of the Sa suffix in these instances drawn from 

 the Magyar and Georgian tongues will be at once apparent, and it 

 will be also perceived how the alleged plural sense is here neither 

 admissible nor possible, though the particle be assuredly the identical 

 one to which in the Mantchu tongue the plural quality is attributed. 



In explaining the Mantchu pronouns I have included almost all 

 that need be said of the Circassian 3rd personal singular, or u i, 

 with its change to t' conjunct, as in t-ab, his father. 



If we consider the u, the I, and the T, as all radicals, we may yet 

 find numerous equivalents for each in that sense ; and if, again, we 

 regard the t' as a servile superseding the radical lii, or wi, we may 



are the names of two well known places in Nari, Gar meaning the place or fort, or 

 head-quarters of its district ; and Takla-khar, the place, or fort, or Sadr, of Takla. 

 Again the 13th divisions of the spire of a Chaitya are called Chuksum-khar in 

 Tibetan, = triyodas bhuvan in Sanscrit, i. e., the 13th mansion. 



* The cha suffix in Ma-ch, we, Osetic, is called a plural sign. What is it in 

 Sa-ch, earth ? Probably what it is in A-ch, one, Circassian, viz., a servile with the 

 usual differential function. 



