74 On the Mongolian Affinities of the Caucasians. [No. 1. 



roots, then that such reiterated pronouns are completely conforma- 

 ble to the genius of these tongues, and as such harmonise perfectly 

 with the preceding exposition of the plurals. These tongues in fact 

 revel in cumulation pronominal and nominal, varying as to the exact 

 applications of the emphasized or reiterated pronouns,* but pre- 

 serving a general overruling similitude, of which the following in- 

 stance from a Himalayan and a Caucasian tongue is too singular to 

 be omitted. In Georgian the i root for the 3rd personal singular, 

 or he, becomes by such accretion, gradually augmenting, first i-s, and 

 then, i-ti-na ; and in Magar the same root with the same sense (ille 

 iste) becomes i-se and i-se-na, according as more or less of emphasis 

 and discrimination is needed. Again, the Georgian ti, in iti na, is 

 the Burmese thi, in I'-thi, a word compounded of two synonymes, 

 both meaning this (ille), and conjointly equivalent precisely to isena 

 as well as itina in Magar and Georgian respectively. Thu, again, 

 means he, the 3rd personal, in Burmese, and this word, which is 

 merely another phase of the tha particle (tha, thi, thii, tho — which 

 last signifies that, and is Tibetan) — brings us back to the Tagalan i-tu 

 and the Gyarung wa-tu every particle, whether used in a primary or 

 secondary sense, taking the aspirate indifferently (Me, Mhe, fire ; 

 Ni, Nhi, day; ka, kha, sky ; et caet., ad libitum). 



Now, if we look again at the Gyarung wa tu through the medium 

 of the Malayan and Tagalan i tu and the Circassian ri 1 and ta, — all 

 but the last equally involving a double pronominal root and single 

 sense — we shall see in this identical composition and identical idio- 

 matic use of the 3rd personal pronoun, illustrated on all sides as 

 they are by Altaic, Himalayan and Indo-Chinese equivalents repro- 

 ducing every form and phase of the roots, a marvellous proof of the 

 affinity of all the tongues. But this is not all, for the Circassian 

 li and I commutable to T derives the highest and complete illustra- 

 tion from another and most interesting quarter, to wit the unculti- 

 vated Tamulian tongues of India amongst which the Sontal exhibits 

 both u and 1 for the third personal pronoun as well as their com- 



* See Mith. voce Turki, I. 467 et seq. and Essay on Koch, Bodo and Dhimal, 

 p. 120, and De Coros' Grammar, p. 65, Crawfurd's Malayan Grammar, Phillips's 

 Sontal Grammar, and Brown's Asam Grammar. 



