124 Sifdn and Horsok Vocabularies. [No. 2. 



rung, and by the Manyak, whose vocabularies are all subjoined ; 

 whilst returning back westward, along the pente septentrionale of 

 the Himalaya we have, after passing through the Kham districts of 

 Chyarung and Kwombo, the region of the Takpas, or Takyeul, 

 styled* Dakpo by Bitter, who however places it East of Kwombo, 

 whereas it lies west of that district, written Combo by him. The 

 Brahmaputra or Yam quits Tibet in the district of Kwombo, as he 

 states. 



Takpa, the Towang Baj of the English, is a dependency of Lhasa. 

 Its civil administrator is the Chonajung peun ; its ecclesiastic head, 

 the Tamba Lama, whence our Towang. 



The peoples of Sok-yeul, of Amdo, of Thochu, of Gyarung, and of 

 Manyak, who are under chiefs of their own, styled Gyabo or King, 

 Sinice "Wang, bear among the Chinese the common designation of 

 Si-fan or Western aliens ; and the Tibetans frequently denominate 

 the whole of them Gyarungbo from the superior importance of the 

 special tribe of Gyarung, which reckons eighteen chiefs or banners of 

 power sufficient, in days of yore, often to have successfully resisted or 

 assailed the celestial empire, though for some time past quietly sub- 

 mitting to a mere nominal dependancy on China. The word Gya in 

 the language of Tibet, is equivalent to that of Ean (alienus,t barba- 

 ros) in the language of China ; and, as rung means in the former 

 tongue, proper or special, Gyarung signifies alien par excellence, a 

 name of peculiar usefulness in designating the whole of these Eastern 

 borderers, in order to discriminate them from the affined and approxi- 

 mate, but, yet distinct, Bodpa of Kham. Others affirm that Gya- 

 rung means wild, rude, primitive Gyas, making rung the same as 

 tung in Myamma; and that the typical Gyas (Gyami) are the 



* I should add that Ritter's Gakpo and Gangpo, and Dakpo are not three sepa- 

 rate places, but merely various utterances of the single word Takpa, and no more 

 admissible therefore than his Katche and Khor before explained. This great geo- 

 grapher is rather too prone to give a " local habitation" to the airy nothings of 

 this polyglottic region, as I have formerly had occasion to point out, though no one 

 con more admire than I do his immense learning and the talent that guides and 

 animates it. 



f Hence Gya philing, or Frankish stranger. European foreigner is the name 

 for Europeans in Tibet. Philing=Frank, indice Feringi ; not as interpreted by 

 M. Hue. 



