218 Notes on Eastern Thibet. [No, 2, 



runs through Ladak, the Marchace Khawab which is known as 

 the Gogra, and the Tamchoo Khawab or Yaroo, the great river of 

 Eastern Thibet. 



Government of Thibet. 



In the city of Lassa,* and over the whole of Thibet " Geawa 

 Remboochi" or the " Grand Lama" is nominally the Supreme 

 authority, in temporal and spiritual affairs. His residence is in 

 Patala Goompa which is on the north side of Lassa. 



There are two Resident Envoys from China called "Ampas" 

 stationed at Lassa ; subordinate to them are two great officers — 

 Chinese — designated Daloo-he : their rank and occupation are 

 those of general officers. Next to these are two Phopuns who 

 act as Paymasters of the Troops, and perform the duties of our 

 Adjutant and Quarter Master Generals. They are also Chinese. 

 One of the Daloo-hes, and one of the Phopuns are generally 

 stationed at Digarchi. These officers constitute the general staff 

 of the army in Thibet. Next in rank are three Chong-hars. 

 They are Chinese, and Military Commanders ; one is generally sta- 

 tioned at Digarchi and another at Tingri near the Nepal Frontier of 

 Thibet. Below these are three Tingpuns, non-commissioned officers 

 — also Chinese. There are no other Chinese military officers in 

 Thibet. The usual number of Chinese Troops, all Mantchoo Tar- 

 tars, in Thibet does not exceed 4,000 men. Stationed at Lassa 2,000, 

 Digarchi 1,000, Giangtchi 500, Tingri 500. 



The above shews that the Chinese functionaries in Thibet are 

 Political and Military officers only. 



All the Civil appointments are held by Thibetans. The local 

 temporal Government of Thibet is composed as follows. It is 

 headed by the Grand Lama entirely guided in all Political and 

 Military affairs and mainly so in Civil affairs by the Chinese Ampas 

 and the Emperor of China. 



* M. Hue says, that" Lassa" in the Thibetan language means, *' Land of Spi- 

 rits." The Mongolians on the same authority call this city " Monche-dhot," i. e. 

 Eternal Sanctuary. My friend Cheboo Lama gives the following interpretation, 

 •' L'ha" means God, " Sa" abode or resting-place. Hence it is the city of 

 God, or the Eternal city. 



