314 



Gradus ad Aornon. 



[No. 4. 



Ashtnugr ke qwur, Abazye ke qwur, &c. Tlie word Qwur signi- 

 fying in the language of the country (viz. the Pushtoo), a river. 

 The origin of the name Koopheen is manifest in the existence near 

 the confluence of the Punjgowra and Sohaut Sinde of the site of an 

 old town called to this day Koofa. The Koopheen was the river 

 nearest to the Indus on the Western side ; for, after the capture of 

 Aornos, Alexander went through the Doaba of the Indus and the 

 Koopheen. The modern name Loondi or Lundi (signifying the 

 Short) seems to have been unknown at that time. It applies at 

 present only to the united streams of the Nagooman and Sohaut 

 Sinde from their junction to the Indus. And it appears to me that 

 this portion only was called by the Greeks Koopheen. 



I purpose giving the route as detailed by Arrian and by Curtius 

 in parallel columns condensing the relations of military operations, 

 so as to interrupt as little as possible the chain of localities. 

 Arrian. Curtius. 



And coming to the city Nikaia Alexander having entered the 

 and having sacrificed to Athene, confines of India, the princes of 



he advanced to the river Koo- 

 pheen, sending on an ambassador 

 to Taxiles and those bordering 

 the river Indus, commanding them 

 to meet him on his advance. And 

 Taxiles and the other Uparchs* 

 meeting him presented gifts, the 

 greatest sanctioned by the In- 

 dians, and promised to bestow the 

 elephants in their possession to 

 the number of twenty -five. Then 

 dividing the army he sent He- 

 phaistioon and Perdikkas to the 

 country of Peukela (Pekawur) 

 and even to the river Indus, hav- 

 ing the corps of Gorgios and 

 Kleitos and Meleagros and half 

 the companion horse and the 



the nations hastened to execute 

 his commands declaring him to 

 be the third descendant of Jupi- 

 ter who had appeared amongst 

 them. That Father Bacchus and 

 Hercules were known to them by 

 tradition, but that he was visi- 

 bly present to their senses. The 

 king commanded them, whom he 

 had benignly received, to follow 

 him, being about to employ them 

 as guides in his progress. When 

 they ceased to arrive he sent in 

 advance Hephaistioon and Per- 

 dikkas with a portion of the army 

 to subdue those who should re- 

 fuse his government, and to pro- 

 ceed to the river Indus, and there 



* Taxiles, we see, was one of several Uparchs on the borders of the Indus. 



