462 Notes on the Topography of Murree. No. 5. 



Kg. 1. 



faces of each, as is endeavoured 

 to be shown in the accompany- 

 ing sketch, in which the indivi- 

 dual terraces are indicated as 

 being of various height and 

 breadth as they occur, and it may 

 be noted that the few patches 

 of cultivation, being on these 

 terraces at the lower part of each 

 hill, give them a very distinct 



and unequivocal appearance. 



Valleys. — Intersecting these abrupt hills occur deep valleys in 

 which streams of clear calcareous water run with more or less 

 rapidity over rocky beds ; bringing with them boulders and irregular 

 fragments of stone of all sizes. The valleys do not appear however 

 to run in any definite direction but wind about irregularly, giving 

 to each rocky ridge an isolated appearance as if totally unconnected 

 with those immediately adjoining — and in addition to the principal 

 line of valley, each individual slope is grooved as it were by the 

 waste of the softer rocks by the elements ; the dells thus produced 

 being of very variable depth and precipitancy, but almost all clothed 

 with dense brushwood and tall magnificent forest trees interspersed. 



Soil. — The soil is not deep, but rich and prolific in the extreme : 

 it consists of red alluvial loam intermixed with micaceous sand and 

 containing in some places calcareous nodules as of marl both green 

 and grey, and of kunkur. 



Geological Age of Bocks. — The rocks constituting these hills 

 belong to a modern period ; the oldest being apparently of a date 

 not earlier than the Eocene, but the greater portion evidently dilu- 

 vial and alluvial deposits. These may, for the sake of convenience of 

 description, be divided into two classes, — namely, the sandstone, 

 and the calcareous. 



1. Sandstone rocks. — The sandstone rocks constitute the ridge 

 upon which Murree station is built, and includes a variety of sub- 

 stances of greater or less consistence throughout all stages from soft 

 argillaceous mud to hard grey micaceous sandstone fit for building- 

 purposes. 



