466 Notes on the Topograph)/ of Murree. [No. 5. 



Outcrops of Strata. — The above section is intended to represent 

 the appearance of outcrops of strata on the various mountain faces 

 in the vicinity of Murree, and they will be readily recognised as 

 occupying that position which a fracture would exhibit if produced 

 by force from below, tearing asunder the strata as shown at the 

 points marked a and b, and thus producing " a valley of elevation" 

 such as is included between the mountain peaks 1, and 2. 



It is almost needless to observe in this place that the strata above 

 represented do not include the whole number that actually exist on 

 the hill faces, — the object aimed at in the sketch being nothing more 

 than to illustrate the theory of their formation now being discussed. 



Materials represented in sketch. — The bands noted a and b may be 

 also looked upon as representing the micaceous and clayey ferru- 

 ginous sandstone which seem to constitute the great mass of the 

 Murree hills, but as has already been stated boulders and more or 

 less perfectly consolidated strata of clayey conglomerate containing 

 nodules of brown iron exist towards the lower portion of these, and 

 such strata may in a theoretic section be represented by that marked 

 c, while the bottoms of the gorges 3, 4, 5 and 6, would be framed 

 more or less thickly with debris of such materials, — and accordingly 

 this is in reality found to be the case, the fragments of stone found 

 there consisting of the same materials confusedly blended together 

 ■ — that constitute the substance of the neighbouring hills. 



2. Calcareous rocks, position and presumed age. — Calcareous rocks 

 appear to prevail to a considerable extent in the hills around 

 Murree, although only to a small extent in that on which the sta- 

 tion has been established. In Fig. 5, the low round hill marked d 

 is almost entirely comprised of this formation, the underlying rock 

 consisting of impure limestone, apparently of the Eocene period, — 

 covered with superimposed layers of fibrous gypsum which occur in 

 definite lines as represented by that marked e, and lying more or 

 less conformably upon the deeper material. 



In some parts, the gypsum is tinged of a rose colour, but gene- 

 rally speaking it is transparent and colourless. The dip of its strata 

 is 30° or 35° from West or nearly so, to East, the line of strike 

 being as nearly as possible North and South. 



In addition to this more perfectly formed gypsum there are at the 



