658 Notes on the Geology of the Punjab Salt Range. [No. 7. 



8. Carbonaceous shales, sandstone and lignite, 80 



9. Upper or Numinulitic limestone, 1,100 



10. Nuinmulitic limestone conglomerate, green, red and 



yellow ossiferous sands, marls, and conglomerates 

 (minimum), 10,000 



Total,.... 16,430 

 Although the aggregate thickness of the strata in the range, can- 

 not be estimated at much less than 6500 feet, yet two or more 

 strata are rarely fully developed at the same point, and the thickness 

 of the different strata vary very considerably at different parts of 

 the range. Thus at Mt. Tilla the upper limestone and spotted sands 

 are each only about 100 feet thick, the maximum thickness of the 

 first rock not being attained before crossing the Indus, the lower 

 limestone is not met with at all, and the fawn-coloured limestone, 

 here largely developed, is soon entirely lost towards the west. 



No. 1. Red marl. This formation, for it deserves the name, is 

 largely developed along the entire southern base of the range with 

 occasional exceptions towards either extremity, and is here and there 

 brought to the surface by faults within the range itself, as pre- 

 viously described, at Kalla Kahar, Mt. Sakesa, and doubtfully at 

 some other spots. The colour of the marl is usually a dull crimson 

 red, inclining to plum colour, or purplish towards the upper part 

 where by the intervention of a few arenaceous bands, it passes into 

 the overlying sandstone. It is sometimes met with of an extremely 

 florid colour which seems to be especially the case in the vicinity of 

 trap as in the Kiura gorge and the shoulder of Karingli. The only 

 minerals found in it are small rock crystals, usually marled and 

 imperfect, which occur plentifully at Mari on Indus and Kala Bagh, 

 and sparingly near Nurpur and Sardi. Iron pyrites is also found in 

 small quantities in the gypsum at Sardi and elsewhere. Gypsum 

 occurs in the marl in thick beds evidently stratified, also in thin 

 seams and folise, and in large lumps and blocks, but the latter form, 

 is I think, merely the result of the beds of gypsum breaking up and 

 the fragments becoming impacted in the soft and yielding marl by 

 pressure and the movement en masse of the lower strata. The 

 handsomest variety of gypsum is the pure white or pink saccharine 



