52 NOTES ON THE AGRICULTURE, BOTANY 



Many years ago the bark of this birch was used by Chinese 

 to dye the mustache and hair, but now they have lost this 

 art. 



15. — Manchurian nut-tree (Juglans mandshurica Maxim). 

 The nuts of this tree common in the country are used by 

 Chinese to prepare a black dye, when they are not perfectly 

 ripe. 



16. — Sumach {Rhus semialata Murr) — H $k ^ (Yen- 

 fu-tzu), fit $z (Fu-mu), Wi % (Fu-yang). It is found on the 

 frontiers of Manchuria and Corea. On the shrub a certain 

 insect produces the "nut galls" which are used to dye the 

 cloth a black colour and to make many kinds of inks. 



17. — Balsam. (Impatiens Balsamina L.) — IS fill 

 ^ ti ^ H . This is the common garden plant in China. 

 The flowers of balsam in combination with alum are em- 

 ployed by the Chinese to prepare a finger-nail dye which is 

 used by women in the villages. 



18. — Oak-tree. (Qercus sp.) — $& Li. The bark of 

 several kinds of oaks with sulphate of iron is used by Chinese 

 in South Manchuria to dve silk in vellow and black colours. 



II. — On the Fossil Animals of North Manchuria. 



The geological investigations made by E. Anert 2 in 

 Manchuria are the most serious and scientific of all the 

 works on this question. In Anert 's book and other geological 

 articles nothing is indicated about the paleontological find- 

 ings. 



Generally at the present time many persons have an 

 impression, that in North Manchuria there are no fossils. 

 True, they are very rare, but they exist. Here mostly are 

 met the ammonites of the Jurassic period in the dolomitic 

 aggregates. The North Manchuria ammonites are small and 

 have been seen in a stone-pit near the railway station 

 Inmienpo and on mountain-rocks round the Maoershan 

 station. Here the Jurassical fossils are not so richly re- 

 presented as in the case of extremely crystallized limestone. 

 Not far from Harbin at the beginning of the Ch'eng-kuan- 

 ts'ai-ling mountains, at the railway station, Erh-cheng- 

 chiang-tze, there is a hill composed of devonian limestone, 

 which is extremely rich in fossil shells (Spirifer moskowensis). 



The paleontological findings of the tertiary time in 

 Manchuria are little known. So, the unique vertebra of 

 mammoth (Elephas primigenius) was found at Harbin in the 

 sand of the Sungari valley, but it is probable, that the bone 



2 Anert E. The Travels in Manchuria. S. Petersburg, 1907. 



