AND THE ZOOLOGY OF CHINA 57 



Hard wheat. (Triticum durum Dest). 



6.— T. durum var. affinae Keke. It is a bearded form, 

 with white spikes and red grains. 



7. — T. durum var. Herdeiforme Host. The variety with 

 bearded reddish spikes and white grains. 



Dwarf wheat. (Triticum compactum Host.) 



8. — T. compactum var. icterinum Al. This is the most 

 extensive form among the dwarf varieties of wheats. It has 

 bearded white spikes, red grains, short thick, quadratic stalk, 

 and a very good quality of seed. 



9. — T. compactum var. Wernerianum Keke. The form 

 with unbearded white spikes and reddish grains. 



10. — T. compactum var. creticum Mazzucato. The 

 wheat with red unbearded spikes and reddish grains. 



11. — T. compactum var. crinaceum Keke. The form 

 with red, bearded spikes and reddish grains. 



12. — T. covipactum var. atriceps Keke. The wheat with 

 the black bearded spikes. 



The most common forms of all the twelve wheats, 

 indicated just now will be — the white bearded, white un- 

 bearded, red bearded, red unbearded and one variety of the 

 dwarf wheat (var. icterinum.) Manchurian wheat pre- 

 eminently consists of smooth wheat and among the latter the 

 white bearded predominates, which at times amounts to as 

 much as 50% of the grains. In North Manchuria the Chinese 

 distinguish two sorts of wheat, not from a botanical point of 

 view, but rather by weight or proportion of the grains and by 

 the locality of production. 



The first is with the oblong, big and heavy grains and 

 this kind is considered to be the best one. The second sort 

 is smaller and has light grains and belongs to the inferior 

 kind. The lightest wheat is from the environs of the 

 Bodune, from the Sungari valley; but as regards the grains 

 growing on the west and north of Harbin it is a still worse 

 quality. 



The origin of the Manchurian wheat is very complex. 

 It is formed by means of a mixture of different kinds coming 

 from Middle "and North China, European Eussia, West 

 Siberia and America. Here these wheats were affected by 

 the local climate and thus formed the Manchurian wheat — 

 remarkable for its rapid maturity. 



y. On the Beetles and Butterflies of the Far East. 



For a long time the insects of Manchuria and Russian 

 Far East have presented a great interest to zoologists, but 

 they have not been fully studied, though much has been 



