AND THE ZOOLOGY OF CHINA 59 



3 species and found in Central America. This giant was 

 found first in the Ussuri province near the villages of Petro- 

 palovka and Anuchin, then near the station Viazemskaia, and 

 finally in North Manchuria and the railway station Inmienpo. 

 In Manchurian districts this beetle is rare and in Europe only 

 8-10 specimens are known. It has a great commercial value. 

 Then not less curious are the stag-beetles, ground and water 

 beetles; the least known of them are the small ones. 



The butterflies of the Far East have been explored by a 

 number of naturalists and are well known. The collection 

 of these beautiful insects can be seen in Paris, in London, in 

 Petrograd Academy of Science, in the museum in Harbin, 

 Vladivostock, Habarovsk and in many other places. Beside 

 the arctic forms of butterflies, we find in Manchuria some big 

 representatives related to or identical with the kinds of 

 Southern Asia. For the most part these are Japanese, 

 Corean and Chinese forms. One of the biggest but common 

 kind of swallow-tails in that district is the Papilio bianor 

 var. Maakii (see fig. 2). 



With the open wings it is 12 cm. in width. The wings 

 are blue-black colour with a bluish-greenish reflex, single red 

 eyes and long tails on lower wings. Ordinarily this variety 

 occurs in Corea, Japan, Manchuria, North China and in the 

 maritime provinces. Here are also other and different 

 swallow-tails; the member of the genus Thecla, Lyccena, is 

 very interesting — Colics aurora, for its two forms — white and 

 orange coloured. More than 200 kinds of butterflies are 

 found in Manchuria not counting the moths, which are little 

 known, but which are very numerous. One of the most 

 beautiful kinds of this last tribe is the Astias mandschurica 

 of the family Saturnidae, with light greenish large wings, 

 and extremely long lower-tails. This remarkable beauty flies 

 at night and is very common in mountain forests. The Man- 

 churian form has some near relatives in Japan, in Spain, and in 

 North America ; other kinds of this species occur in Japan, 

 China, India and in the Himalaya mountains. Besides the 

 Astias some other kinds have a wonderful distribution. First 

 we must mention— Erastria distinguenda of the Noctuidae 

 family. It inhabits the Manchurian districts, Japan, Corea 

 and after an enormous interval in space, again appears in 

 North-West Caucasus. Zethes musculus has the same 

 distribution. Here we find one form, namely Brachmaea 

 ccrthia of subtropical family Brahmalidae. The proximate 

 kinds to this are living in Asia Minor, others m Caucasus and 

 the remaining forms are known in Japan, India and Africa. 



It is possible to show many such facts, but it is necessary 

 to b- careful since the butterflies of Siberia and border 



