I 5 8 GR1ESBACH : GEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL HIMALAYAS. 



of very minor importance in the structure of the mountain ranges. 

 Again, it may be observed that also here the more yielding strata, 

 shales and thinner bedded limestones have suffered most, and 

 they are frequently crushed into the most complicated plications 

 within synclinals formed of more rigid rocks, which become locally 

 faulted whilst the softer rocks adjoining have been crushed to 

 conform to the change in the lateral distribution of rock formations. 

 Such a flexure is the synclinal of the Uttardhura pass (fig. 22 and 

 section 3 in pi. 2). One of the branches of the BamUs glacier de- 

 scending from the high peaks (19,340') south of the Kungribingri has 

 traversed the synclinal at right angles to its strike and exposed a pro- 

 file which I give in the view fig. 22. South-west of Baml^s the palaeozoic 

 group forms a low anticlinal, the carboniferous white quartzite (8) being 

 seen to dip about 40 below the Productus shales (9). A small fault 

 half a mile from Bamlas camping ground (15,320') repeats the section 

 (see pi. 2), but the throw is insignificant. North-east of the pass the 

 white quartzite (8) is again cropping out from below the Productus 

 shales (9), dipping about 45 to 50 to south-west. Nearly the entire 

 synclinal is exposed by the branch of the BamUs glacier south of the 

 Uttardhura pass. The Productus shales are overlaid by the lower 

 trias(io) up to and includingsome remains of the beds with Ptychites 

 gerardi (Muschelkalk) which are pushed over the rigid quartzite (8) 

 folded and twisted in the most complex forms within the synclinal. 

 The soft yielding carbonaceous Productus shales acted, as it were, as 

 a lubricant between the massive quartzite below and the partially 

 rigid lower trias limestones, which were consequently folded and 

 twisted quite independent of the underlying stratum of quartzite. 

 The flexure extends far to the south-east and forms no doubt part 

 .' ^ of the narrow synclinal of the upper Lissar, which 



Continuity with the J 



Lissar valley flexures. \ s hall describe further on. 



Between the Uttardhura and the village of Milam the road passes 



.v. ,m over the entire sequence of palaeozoic beds, but 



Between the Uttar- i r 



dhura aud Milam. they are greatly obscured by the recent and 



sub-recent gravels, and the cones of debris on each side of the valley 

 of the Gori Ganga. The beds have all a steady north and north-east 



( 158 ) 



