164 GR1ESBACH : GEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL HIMALAYAS. 



(see sees. 1, 2, 3 in pi. 7 and pi. 8.). The palaeozoic group forms 

 there an enormous synclinal, inverted and leaning over to north-east. 



In some sections (sees. 1 and 2, pi. 7.) there is enough left of the 

 old flexure to show the original position, whilst in other sections 

 (sec. 3 for instance) subsequent denudation has removed the top of 

 the anticlinal west of the palaeozoic synclinal, and thus the haimantas 

 are in inverted position over silurian beds. 



It is quite likely that remains of silurian and even later palaeozoic 

 beds may be found within the many folds of the haimantas in the 

 belt just described ; but in an area so encumbered by masses of 

 debris and glaciers, to map correctly each outlying patch of silurians 

 would have required a longer time than I could devote to the work. 



The silurian, carboniferous and mesozoic systems of Eastern Johdr 



and By dns. 



The feature which seems most remarkable in the geological map 



Complieated .system of this P art of Kumaun is the apparent compli- 

 ed flexure cation in the distribution of the various rocks. 



The different systems form narrow and long strips of irregular outline, 



which run more or less parallel with the strike of the sedimentary 



belt of rocks. In fact the latter is formed by about eight synclinals 



with corresponding anticlinals separating them. The most western, 



those of the Lissar and Dhauli (Dharma) Gangas are continuations of 



the flexures of Western Joh£r, as for instance those of the Uttardhura 



and Kiangur passes. The more eastern flexures, those |of the Kuti 



Yangti and of Byans, may probably be continued into Hund6s, where 



they are covered by the younger tertiaries. 



A look at the map will show that by far the greater portion of 

 the ground is covered by palaeozoic rocks, and that the mesozoic group 

 is confined to comparatively narrow strips within the synclinals. 



The mapping of the various rock-series would have presented im- 

 mense difficulties in such a disturbed area, were it not for several 

 very easily recognized beds, which, as in the Niti sections, helped to 

 explain the stratigraphy. Especially it was the trias with the under- 

 lying black Productus shales (9) which are unmistakeable and which 

 ( 164 ) 



