BHOT MAHALS OF KUMAUN. 165 



helped to explain the very intricate structure of the folds of which 

 they usually form the innermost strata. 



The sections of the Lissar Valley and {Dhauli) D harm a Ganga. 



The Lissar river runs along the top of an anticlinal during the 

 upper half of its course, and the same may be said of the valley of the 

 Dhauli (Dharma) Ganga further east, as may be seen in the various 

 sections of plates 7 and 8. 



The section which shows the complexity of the flexures best is the 



one exposed between the east slope of the 



Bambadhura sections. • . 



Bambadhura heights and the Dhauli Ganga, 

 section 2 of plate 7. Here the acute angle formed by the inverted 

 unsymmetrical flexure cf the palaeozoic group is well exposed in 

 the ridge which separates the two Bambadhura glaciers, a feature 

 which will be recognized in the profile plate 14. Beyond the figured 

 section the quartzites and shales of the haimantas form a high anti- 

 clinal, and the range, of which the Bambadhura peaks are prominent 

 heights. North-east of this range the palaeozoic group forms an in- 

 verted, unsymmetrical flexure, whose upper flank is seen to run along 

 the south side of the range which separates the two Bambadhura 

 glaciers. About half-way up the southern of the two glaciers the flexure 

 bends sharp round to a south-west dip, forming a deep synclinal, north- 

 east of which follows the anticlinal of the Lissar river. 



The bright red quartz shales (3) and the white quartzite (8), 

 again help to fix the limits of the silurian and carboniferous systems. 

 The red quartz shales (3) are without a trace of fossils throughout, 

 and is overlaid by a thickness of about 1,500 to 2,000 feet of Silurians, 

 characterized by the prevalence of dark limestone beds near the 

 base of the system, and quartzites which form the more important 

 upper half of it. 



This system, even without the fossil remains which are common 

 throughout its thickness, is easily recognized as silurian, and it is 

 also here conformably overlaid by the dark-blue limestone (6) in 

 which I have found no fossils in this section, but which I consider to be 

 of devonian age. This dark concretionary limestone is followed by 



( «6 5 ) 



