168 GRIESBACH : GEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL HIMALAYAS. 



undercliff. Were it not for the densely black Productus shales, which 

 are inclosed in some of the deeper synclinals, and which show like a 

 black band in the white quartzite cliffs, along both sides of the 

 valley, one might easily imagine the latter to be an unbroken thick- 

 ness of some thousands of feet, as the plications are squeezed into 

 such limited compass in places, that the whole forms, as it were, one 

 series, with perfectly isoclinal dip, the bends of the anticlinals having 

 been denuded away. 



This, for instance, is the case opposite the Jokneking glacier, and 

 is a feature repeatedly met with in the sections of the Kuti Yangti. 

 Guided even by the black Productus shales which are seen on the 

 left side of the valley a mile or two higher up, I would not have felt 

 quite satisfied about their not after all alternating with the white 

 quartzite, if the synclinal, gradually widening and deepening, had not 

 contained inclosed within the Productus shales the beds of the 

 lowest trias with fossils. 



The right side of the Upper Lissar afford most interesting in- 



Synclinals of the Lis- stances of such synclinals. The first indications 



sar valley. Q f ^ e } ) ] ac j { Productus shales, and some beds 



belonging to the higher Otoceras stage, are seen in the white quart- 

 zite cliff which forms the eastern termination of the range which 

 divides the two Bambadhura glaciers, though the traces are too insig- 

 nificant to map them. 



The next spur which descends into the Lissar valley from the 

 right side, some two miles from the former outcrop of Productus 

 shales, shows a most instructive section (3 in pis. 7, pis. 14 and 15). 

 Here, within a narrow reversed synclinal fold, lie highly contorted 

 and crushed Productus shales, with overlying Otoceras beds. Of the 

 latter the entire series seems preserved within the flexure, and as in 

 most other sections of it, here also the soft Productus shales have 

 acted as a sort of lubricator between the rigid white quartzite and 

 the thin-bedded limestone beds of the Otoceras stage, and have per- 

 mitted the latter to be crushed into numerous complicated folds, the 

 Productus shales yielding and conforming to all the disturbance of 

 the higher beds. The glacier which descends from the north slope of 



( 168 ) 



