BHOt MAHALS OF KUMAUN. 169 



the Bambadhura peak (20,760'), has cut through the beds at right 

 angles to their strike, and so produced an unrivalled profile, which I 

 was able to photograph from a short distance off (pi. 15). 



Advancing still higher up the valley to near the sources of the 

 river, I found that the synclinal just described gradually opens 

 out, and in consequence the belt of Productus shales and lower 

 trias widens considerably. The flexure becomes a nearly sym- 

 metrical one, and again a friendly glacier, descending from the 

 enormous snow-covered heights from the water-shed between the 

 Lissar and Tibet, has eroded through the flexures at right angles to 

 their strike, and so exposed the grand section which I photographed 

 in pi. 16 1 (see also sect. 4, pi. 7.). White quartzite is seen to form a 

 trough in which lie the highly crumpled strata of the black Productus 

 shales (9), and the dark limestone and shales of the Otoceras stage 

 (10) of the lower trias, followed by grey limestone (11) belonging 

 to the Ptychites gerardi stage of (Muschelkalk) the north-western 

 sections. Higher up this glacier valley, the dark limestone (6) 

 and below it the silurian system, consisting of flesh-coloured quartzites 

 (5) greenish shales and Coral limestone (4), is seen to dip below the 

 carboniferous system (7a, and 8). The silurians are shown in the 

 photograph (pi. 16) in perspective. 



I have already given an outline of the structure of the mountain 

 ,. range which forms the water-shed between the 



Synclinal of water- # 



shed between Lissar and Lissar and the Dhauli Ganga. It forms a great 



Dhauli. l- 1 n «i • t • n » • 



synclinal flexure with minor plications flanking 

 and accompanying it, 



The rock which forms the trough of this synclinal is again the 

 white quartzite (8), in which the Productus shales (9) and the entire 

 trias, rhaetic, lias and Jurassic Spiti shales are inclosed. 



As much as has been left by the denuding agencies of streams 

 and glaciers, the Productus shales and the mesozoic group form a 

 strip from two to four miles in width, which thins out to a few yards 

 only towards south-east. As has been indicated in the sections on 

 pis. 7 and 8, this synclinal has in places been crushed and twisted 



1 See frontispiece in Suess, Das Antlitz_der Erde. 



( 169 ) 



