BH6T MAHALS OF KUMAUN. 179 



younger mesozoic rocks have all been removed by extensive denuda- 

 tion. 



Some ten miles south-east of the Dharma peaks amongst which 



the Dhauli Ganga rises, the section across the 

 valley is very instructive. The Dhauli Ganga 

 runs along the axis of a steep anticlinal formed of upper carboniferous 

 rocks, chiefly the white quartzite (8), (see 2, pi. 7), followed north-east 

 by a series of steep and often reversed flexures, within which in 

 a highly plicated synclinal, or rather series of them, are inclosed 

 the permian Productus shales, and the whole lower and part of the 

 upper trias. The feature is given diagramatically only in the section 

 quoted; how intricate the folding of the strata is will be seen in the 

 heliogravures pis. 17 and 17 a. The profile is thus exposed, some four 

 to five miles north-west of Dawe encamping ground, on the left side 

 of the valley. As in all similar crushed folds, the soft shales of the 

 Productus beds (9) and the overlying Otoceras beds (10) are greatly 

 disturbed and completely crushed within the plications of the neigh- 

 bouring harder strata. North-east of this permo-trias synclinal follow 

 a series of reversed upper carboniferous flexures, inclined towards 

 south-west. 



The flexures may be followed downwards in the valley ; seme 

 few miles south-east of the last described section, about two miles 

 above Daw r e encamping ground, the anticlinal of upper carboni- 

 ferous rocks has been partly eroded by the Dhauli river, 1 pi, 8, 

 and is flanked on each side by a synclinal of the same rocks, inclosing 

 permo-trias sections. The one on the right side of the valley is 

 a continuation of the rocks already described. The reversed syncli- 

 nal on the left side of the valley forms the south-eastern conti- 

 nuation of the crumpled fold seen in section 2, pi. 7, and pis. 17 and 

 17 a; but here only some crushed remains of the Productus shales (9), 

 and the overlying Otoceras beds (10) are left, whilst still further 

 south-east denudation has removed everv trace of the mesozoic rocks 

 (sec. 2, pi. 8). The reversed synclinal on the left side of the Dhauli 

 valley may be followed up continuously almost, and can be traced 

 N 2 ( 179 ) 



