182 GR1ESBACH : GEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL HIMALAYAS. 



across this range (see former sections). It is exceedingly well seen 

 in the profile exposed by the Bankuphu glacier, and in fact may be 

 observed for miles up and down the valley from near the Pungrung 

 encamping ground. 



North-east of the Dhauli Ganga, near the Pungrung encamping- 



ground, the section exhibits a structure similar to 

 Near Pungrung. . " , „ .,,.,, 



that higher up the valley but with slight varia- 

 tions. The small glaciers which descend into the Dhauli valley near 

 that place have laid bare the stratigraphical features ; the synclinal of 

 upper carboniferous white quartzite (8), which I have traced along 

 the whole left side of the Dhauli valley appears also here, reversed 

 leaning over to south-west, and inclosing some crushed Productus 

 shales (9). A second synclinal of white quartzite (8) is crossed near 

 the eastern ridge of the range, and it also contains permo-trias rocks, 

 greatly crushed. It is the synclinal which runs south and south-east in a 

 great curve from the lofty points between the Dharma and Lankpya 

 Lek passes, and which I lost sight of in the rugged mountain ranges east 

 of the Lebung.glacier. In this permo-trias synclinal, the soft crumbling 

 permian Productus shales (9) are constant along the entire length in 

 which I traced the flexure ; so are members, if not the whole series, of 

 the dark limestones and shales of the Otoceras stage (10) of the lower 

 trias. But the overlying light-grey compact limestone with Muschel- 

 kalk types (11) and the higher triassic black limestone and shales 

 with Daonella sp., are only met with in the broader parts of this 

 synclinal trough. In the middle length of the flexure, due east of 

 Pungrung, and near the easternmost end of it beyond the Lebung 

 glacier, I failed to identify more than the lower members of the 

 system. These rocks cannot be mistaken for any other. Dark, 

 many of the beds black (9, 10 and 12), they form jagged points and 

 high peaks, sharply defined from the underlying white quartzite (8), 

 and so form perhaps the most easily recognized rock series in the 

 Himalayas. 



Between the two synclinals just described runs a great anticlinal, 

 often, as, for instance, east of the Dawe camping-ground, running into 



( 182 ) 



