BH6T MAHALS OF KUMAUN. ^5 



a few miles south of the Wilsha camping-ground. The heliogravure, 

 pi. 21, shows part of this profile. 



It is next to impossible to accurately describe this intricate 

 and much faulted area, and I must therefore leave the figured 

 sections 3 and 4, pi. 8, to speak for themselves. Of course one can 

 only render the structure in a diagramatic manner. The ranges 

 which form the Mankshang valley reach heights of over 20,000 feet 

 and are nearly inaccessible in most places, whilst the easier slopes are 

 covered by eternal snow-masses. The intensely red Crinoid limestone 

 (7), the overlying white quartzite (8), and strips of black Productus 

 shales (9) in the synclinals of (8), all of them visible at a great distance 

 help to interpret the structure of this range. All the rock systems 

 have been subjected to immense plications and crushing, resulting in 

 numberless more or less important, and generally reversed faults. 

 The gently sloping Mankshang glacier fills the upper portion 



of the valley and forms one of the passes into 



Mankshang glacier. . r uuu 



Tibet (nearly 20,000 feet sea-level); a general 

 view of it is given in the heliogravures, pi. 22 and 22a, which together 

 form one profile. The glacier is flanked by the carboniferous system 

 the white quartzite (8) forming the high points on each side, whilst 

 the dark devonian limestone (6) must form the lower slopes and the 

 saddle of the watershed itself, as is proved by the hillocks which 

 stick out from the surrounding glacier ice (see views). 



The Rama and Takachull group of peaks, ranging from 20 000 to 

 Rama and Takachull 21,000 feet elevation, send out mighty spurs to 

 heights ' the north, north-west and north-east. The 



dividing range between the Dhauli and Kuti Yangti valleys which 

 runs nearly due north-west to south-east culminates near its two 

 extremities in lofty ridges; north-west about the Dharma passes, 

 south-east in the Takachull points. Most of the latter lie in the belt 

 of the haimanta system already described. Between the Rama 

 camping-ground on the Dhauli Ganga and the Kuti Yangti valley 

 (see map), a band of the bright red quartz shales (3) is accompanied by 

 dark quartzites and dark-grey Coral limestone (4) which belong un- 



( 185 ) 



