BHOT MAHALS OF KUMAUN. 187 



represents the actual structure of the range at the Lebung pass, 

 though it varies locally every few hundred yards and is faulted in 

 every direction (see pi. 20). A series of flexures of carboniferous 

 limestone (7) and white quartzite (8) incloses some members of the 

 permo-trias. On the north-east slope of the pass, a fault cuts off the 

 letter and carboniferous red Crinoid limestone (ja) abuts against the 

 highly inclined permo-trias. The view, pi. 18, shows part of the range 

 which incloses the Lebung glacier to the southwards, formed of one 

 of the many anticlinals of carboniferous rocks, followed south-west 

 by a synclinal fold inclosing some permo-trias beds. 



PI. 19 may to some degree convey an idea of how difficult geology 

 becomes in those heights. The view (photograph) represents the 

 upper part of the Lebung pass, which is quite impassable for baggage 

 animals, and is even very difficult for lightly-laden coolies. In sum- 

 mer avalanches constantly descend from the left (right in the picture) 

 side of the pass, often burying under snow and stones large numbers 

 of men and sheep who may happen to be crossing at the time. 



In the sections 5 of pi. 8, and 2 of pi. 9, I have endeavoured to 



give my interpretation of the structure of the 



Lebung sections. ... 



Dharma hill-ranges as it appears about 2 miles 

 north-west, and 5 miles south-east of the Lebung glacier. The first- 

 named section is a good type of the complicated structure of the 

 Dharma and Lissar ranges, and I have therefore carried it on to the 

 high snow-covered peaks south-west of the Lissar river, from which 

 the Naulphu and Nipchung glaciers descend into the Lissar valley 

 near Marcha and Sepu. Across the Dhauli Ganga and Kuti Yangti 

 the section is very similar in general detail to the one between the 

 Bankuphu and Mankshang glaciers (3 pi. 8), except that the high 

 ranges north-east of Rar^b encamping grounds in the Kuti Yangti are 

 entirely made up of carboniferous rocks, which are very much dis- 

 turbed and folded. 



Section 2, pi. 9 (see also fig. 26), from the Rama heights across the 

 Kuti Yangti valley in a north-east direction traverses the palaeozoic 

 group, which I have only been able to reconnoitre from afar ; the upper 



( 187 ) 



