BH6T MAHALS OF KUMAUN. 1 89 



haimanta rocks appear, indicates that the higher part of the Bithir 

 Gddh and Thumka Gidh ranges are formed by the remains of an 

 immense reversed anticlinal, leaning over to south-west, whose upper 

 portion has been eroded. 



The permo-trias of this section may be traced without interrup- 



Trias synclinal of the tion from south of the wilsha encamping ground 

 Kuti Yangti. to ^ e i ower Kuti Yangti valley. The synclinal 



in which they are met with shows some plication within itself, and 

 here and there several distinct folds may even be found. A very in- 

 structive section across this system of synclinals I found north-east 

 of the Jollinka encamping-ground about 3 miles north-west of the 

 Thumka Gddh. 



The feature is shown in the 3rd section, pi. 9, and in fig. 25. 

 The upper carboniferous white quartzite (8), with the permian 

 Productus shales (9), and lower trias beds (10), is laid into such 

 narrow folds, that the whole presents rather a complex of alternat- 

 ing beds of black shales and white quartzite with isoclinal dip. 

 Facing the cliff, on whose south-west face the beds are well exposed 

 one might take it as a sequence of beds, the black shales and 

 limestones of the permo-trias being interstratified with the car- 

 boniferous white quartzite, if one of the numerous ravines did not 

 conveniently cut through the beds at a right angle to their strike, and 

 so make clear the structure as seen in the figures mentioned. The 

 folds are reversed and leaning over to south-west. 



The Upper Kali river sections. 



The ground south-east of the sections already described and 

 drained by the head-waters of the Kali river, differs in structure in some 

 points from the Dharma area. It will be remembered that the great 

 heights north- east of the Thumka G3dh (2, pi. 9) are built up of a re- 

 versed descending section, the beds of which descend with a rolling dip 

 to north-east. In connection with the facts already related, I under- 

 stand this to be part of a reversed anticlinal, and the lower silurian 

 limestone which forms the highest points of that range to be the cen- 



( 189 ) 



