BIIOT MAHALS OF KUMAUN. igi 



The Kali river from about two miles north-east of Kaua Malla 

 Palaeozoics of the Kali to three quarters of a mile above Kalapani en- 

 river - camping-ground passes chiefly through rocks of 



the palaeozoic group. It is a normal ascending section, though the 

 beds composing it are greatly disturbed. This feature is exposed in 

 the high, partly wooded, hills which bound the Kali river on its right 

 side (pi. 25). The hills are of fine bold outlines, and one of its pro- 

 minent points rises to 17,634/, The top of this peak is made up of 

 upper carboniferous white quartzite (8) ; below it the lower carboni- 

 ferous series, red Crinoid earthy limestone (7, a) and dark-blue and 

 dull-grey limestone (7), with large Crinoids and Brachiopods is conspi- 

 cuous ; the carboniferous system rests on lower palaeozoic rocks, all 

 highly plicated and crushed. In the upper silurian quartzites some poor 

 fossils, mostly casts of Orthis ) are common ; but the lower silurian 

 beds, although represented, as shown by debris found in the immense 

 fans, I could not study in detail, as both the great undercliffs of 

 loose material and the wooded condition of the lower spurs prevented 

 close work. How complicated the folding is may be estimated from 

 the heliogravure pi. 25, which shows some of the folds of the upper 

 carboniferous quartzite (8), about a mile south-west of Kalapdni on 

 the right side of the Kali river. 



Near this point I observed much faulting which south-east result- 

 Fault of the Panka ed m letting down part of the permo-trias, which 

 Gadh ' has thus been preserved from denudation. This 



is the small patch on the left side of the Panka GaMh (7, pi. 9) which 

 consists of a greatly folded series of beds, from the permian Pro- 

 ductus shales (9) to upper trias. The beds have suffered greatly by 

 crushing and are in consequence traversed in all directions by joints; 

 fossils are rare and, when found, generally distorted or fractured. 

 But the general lithological character and succession of the beds i? 

 the same as in the Dharma-Lissar sections. The system rests ap- 

 parently conformably on the upper carboniferous white quartzite 

 (8). The latter partakes of the highly folded character of the area, 

 and is followed north-east by the great synclinal, or system of syn- 



( 191 ) 



