BHOT MAHALS OF KUMAUN. ^3 



ion 



The beds pushed over the rhaetic in the last-mentioned sect 

 form the upper side of the reversed anticlinal described at the 

 beginning of this chapter, and are therefore a normally ascending 

 series from devonian limestone (6) through carboniferous into the 

 permo-trias, which forms the dividing range between Kumaun and 

 Hundes. Lower down the Te>a G4dh (4, pi. 9), and in the Kali river, 

 north of Lilinthi grazing ground (8, pi. 9), part of the anticlinal arch 

 has been preserved, but the latter is well seen south of the Lipu 

 Lekh (5, pi. 9), where the faults disappear. There it is a gently 

 rolling anticlinal, the lowest beds of which are formed by devonian, 

 very dark limestones, containing Encrinites, some Brachiopods and 

 Trilobites, and is overlaid by the whole carboniferous system ; the 

 hard white quartzite (8) forms the highest points on each side of 

 the pass. 



This palaeozoic anticlinal is flanked on both sides by synclinal 

 flexures, which inclose permo-trias rocks. The one to the south-west 

 I have already described ; the one to the north is a flat trough, in- 

 closing the permian Productus shales (9), and a portion of the lower 

 trias (Otoceras beds). 



At the frontier the Tibetan authorities again obstructed my 

 further progress, and so I could do nothing but get a glimpse of 

 Hundes, as far as I could reconnoitre it from the range forming the 

 boundary. In a north-east direction, extends a mountainous region 

 which drains towards the Manassorawar Lakes, and as far as I could 

 judge, it is formed for some distance by a succession of flexures, 

 apparently of palaeozoic rocks. The ranges in the far distance 

 (see pi. 12) appear to be composed of crystalline rocks, whilst 

 younger deposits in the shape of post-tertiary terraces fill the low 

 valley below, in which the Tibetan town of Taklakar is seen to be 

 built against the slope of one of these terraces. 



This formed the extent of my geological reconnaissance of 

 Kumaun towards the north-east frontier of it. Both Tibet and the 

 adjoining Nepal are forbidden ground to all but Bhotea shepherds 

 and traders 



O ( 193 ) 



