KAMET ADN SPlTI. 2i% 



Conspicuous from afar, a band of bright red to purple silicious shale 

 shows the deeply-bent curve of the synclinal, and at the same time 

 forms the lower boundary of the silurians. The streams which join 

 near this camping-ground from the south-west have eroded through 

 the synclinal at nearly right angles and so exposed the structure. 

 Dark limestone, and higher up flesh-coloured quartzites, are in- 

 closed in this synclinal ; they form respectively the lower and upper 

 silurian, which, however, are seen much better Jower down the Pin 

 river valley. 



Between this synclinal and the village of Muth a perfect section of 



Palaeozoic section th<e palaeozoic group may be studied. The struc- 

 south ot Muth. £ ure j s simple, though the entire sequence of beds 



«s a good deal folded. Down in the valley along which the road passes, 

 little or nothing is seen. The tract from the pass leads almost wholly 

 over moraine matter, and over the enormous fans descending from the 

 numerous small side ravines. The high and rugged ranges which 

 enclose the valley have to be ascended before much of the true struc- 

 ture of the rocks can be made out. I think, on the whole, the range 

 of hills forming the left side of the valley is perhaps the easier of the 

 two, and enough of the beds forming it are exposed for the interpret- 

 ation of the structure. I found " it to consist entirely of palaeozoic 

 rocks, much crumpled ; though, thanks to several very characteristic 

 horizons, the structure is not difficult to unravel. The section, plate 

 i, illustrates the structure as actually seen along this range. Be- 

 tween Buldur and the Spiti river it is practically a natural profile in 

 which I have left out the fans and numerous ravines. 



The southern end of the range is formed by the haimantas as al- 

 ready described ; they are conformably overlaid by the silurian system, 

 which occupies the central portion of the range, followed, near its 

 northern extension, south of Muth, by the devonian and carboniferous 

 systems. The enormous sequence of formations between the base 

 of the haimantas and the upper carboniferous quartzites near Muth 

 shows one conformable whole ; with great variations in lithologicai 

 character of its component beds, but no sharply defined boundaries 

 P 2 ( 211 ) 



