KAMET AND SPITI. 221 



of Muth, which is cut through almost at right angles to the strike. 

 East of Tilling a great mountain mass, almost entirely made up of the 

 trias-rhaetic group, and as the hillsides are absolutely devoid of any 

 forest growth, the complicated folding comes out well in a photograph. 

 Some two and a half miles further north, and north-west cf Khar, a 

 magnificent synclinal is seen (pi. 5.) ; in one profile almost the entire 

 group of beds from the Productus shales (9) to upper rhsetic is 

 exposed. In the valley itself, as for instance in the low crags about 

 Khar, the older trias and the carboniferous beds are exposed. Fossils 

 abound both in the Productus shales (9) and the overlying Otoceras 

 horizon (10). They contain numerous Cephalopod remains. 



A mile and a half north-east of Khar is Kuling on the left side of 

 the Pin river. This is Stoliczka's type section through the carboni- 

 ferous system. But in point of fact only the uppermost part of the 

 latter is in situ. Along the undercliff of the hill ranges which form the 

 sides of the Pin river valley, one may observe here and there a few 

 crags protruding from the mass of debris which skirt the cliffs ; these 

 crags are found in places to consistof the white quartzite (8) of the upper 

 carboniferous. The section generally shows great contortions (see 

 profile pi. 1), but it is not difficult to find a densely black series of 

 shales overlie the white quartzite here and there. It is well seen just 

 north of the village of Kuling itself. These black shales are the 

 Productus shales (9), and also here they yield in abundance the char- 

 acteristic fossils. According to Stoliczka these shales are immediate- 

 ly followed by the middle trias with Ptychites gerardi ; this is not 

 the case. In the very section where this is supposed to be, close to 

 Kuling, the Productus shales are overlaid conformably by an alter- 

 nation of shales and dark limestone (10), the Otoceras stage of all the 

 sections of the Central Himalayas. Also here at Kuling this stage 

 yielded many of the characterstic fossils, mostly in fragments, — of 

 Otoceras woodwardi] Xenodiscus buchii, &c, &c, just as it did in 

 the Niti sections. Higher up I found this overlaid by an earthy lime- 

 stone with Brachiopods, and then follow thick beds with decided 

 Muschelkalk forms. The remainder of a very complete trias and 

 rhaetic section form the high hills which rise north-east of Kuling. 



( 221 ) 



