KANGRA KULU HP [CENTRAL AREA. I5 



the casualties reached a very high figure. Nevertheless, there were many 



cases of immunity to damage, or " earthquake shadows," which are of 



considerable interest. The greater part of the hill-station takes the 



form of a horse-shoe shaped ridge with the opening 



Orography and . . . 



geology of thesta- facing S. S. W. which together with other similar 

 ridges and spurs in the neighbourhood constitute 

 the southern lower outworks of the precipitously rising Dhauladhar 

 range behind. The two free ends of the horse-shoe slope down to the 

 low country whilst the middle portion is the more elevated and rises on 

 one side into the Dharmkot hill, about 7,000 ft. high, which connects 

 with the higher snowy range. The westerly arm of the horse-shoe is 

 mostly cantonment, and the easterly, civil ; whilst private residences 

 are dotted about at intervals. The whole of the station, both civil and 

 military, is situated on rather soft, tertiary sandstone of Nahan age 

 steeply dipping to the N. E. The damage on the free ends of the 

 spurs of the horse-shoe was much greater as a whole than on the higher 

 middle portion near Dharmkot and the higher parts of the Civil hill. 



It was doubtless due to the great pressure of relief work in ail its 



Paucity of local forms, falling as it did also on a civil and military 

 reports - staff reduced by about one-half by death, that the 



independent evidence as furnished by the earthquake-forms is almost 

 nil from Dharmsala, as also from other places near the focus of the 

 earthquake. The newspaper accounts also relate very few actual 

 experiences of survivors, they being mainly concerned in their lengthy 

 reports with the death roll, lists of wounded, exhumations, medical, 

 telegraphic and postal arrangements, and descriptions of the campaign 

 carried on by the relieving bodies of all kinds. The fact that the 

 earthquake took place so early in the morning when most people were 

 in bed or at least indoors, also tended to reduce the number of narra. 

 tive accounts. 



Dharmsala Cantonment. 

 Taking first the cantonment part of the station situated, on the 



Accounts of the western spur of the horse-shoe, we have, however, 

 the following imperfect narratives as to the sensa- 

 tions and immediate effects of the shock or shocks. 



