10 MIDDLEMISS : KANGRA EARTHQUAKE. 



fallen.) The travellers' bungalow had been badly rent. It was a 

 single-storied building and had a dressed-stone base and corner veran- 

 dah pillars. Ihe walls were partly stone (dressed) and brick, set in 

 mud mortar. The two chimneys had fallen arid crumbled irregularly. 

 The slate roof, of rather low pitch on iron rafter frame, and pillars 

 running round verandah had not suffered much. The end walls facing 

 N. W. 5° N. and S. E. 5 C S,, just did not collapse. Cracks everywhere, 

 and completely irregular, appearing through the plaster like the course 

 of a river on a map. There were no clean-cut fractures. 



Beyond Shahpur, in the directions of Dharmsala and Kangra, ruin 

 Country round ed and destroyed villages and hamlets were every- 



where in evidence. Most of these, including Shahpur 

 itself, are situated on the flat expanses of what is the beginning of the 

 Kangra valley, a broad nearly level area among the.Siwalik and Nahan 

 cocks. These expanses consist of very thick sub-recent accumulations 

 ot gravel, sand, alluvium and large granite boulders which begin as 

 talus fans with a slope of about 1 in 10, continue over large areas with 

 a slope of about I in 20, and finally mingle with one another in a nearly 

 horizontal deposit. They are everywhere cut through by the present 

 river and stream systems, making river cliffs of varying heights. Ex- 

 cept for the large boulders, which owe their origin to the proximity of 

 Geological struc, tne ni g n Dhauladhar range, the sub-recent deposits 

 <l,re * of the Kangra vailey resemble those of other sub- 



Himalayan longitudinal valleys, such as thcDehraDum PatliDun, etc.; 

 and their heterogeneous character and lack of cohesion as deposits must 

 have greatly augmented the destructive action of the earthquake ; as also 

 Destruction on must the circumstance that they are cut up into long 

 ■htculx subrecent! raised blocks or strips running N. E.—S. W. ? and only 

 a mile or two wide, by the deeply scouring action of 

 the rivers and streams of the present day, Thus W edge* in the sha** 

 of river cliffs from 50 to 200 feet high are everywhere not far away. 

 In contrast to the ruined villages there was no damage to the crops 



Cropi a*d trees or tr ees which presented simply an ordinary appear- 

 undamag*. ance. 



