KANGRA-KULU EPICENTRAL AREA. 59 



welfare and security. For the two minutes the earthquake lasted J observed with 

 curiosity, awe and alarm, the strange gyrations and contortions of my bungalow, 

 and when it was all over I could not persuade myself that my bungalow was very 

 much in its former state, and not a heap of ruins. In the Upper Kulu Valley the 

 damage and loss of life was nearly all due to immense rocks and boulders tumbling 

 down from above on to the houses. At Sunag one huge rock rolled out a house as 

 flat as a pancake, killing all the inmates, eleven in number. (See pi. 14). * * 

 When the earthquake came it precipitated several miles of snow into the ManaliR. 

 The fall of this snow generated a whirlwind, or snow blizzard, which, besides the 

 old fort, damaged several of the houses. To me it looked like smoke, and although 

 the morning was cloudless, and the whole subsequent day was cloudless, five 

 minutes after the earthquake we were enveloped in a dense mist, composed of snow 

 particles, for several minutes. This fall of snow also blocked up the Manali river 

 for a day or two ; and even now there is very little water in the river, and what 

 there is very muddy. 



The earthquake did not extend above two or three miles from Manali ; and 

 the villagers in Palchan, Kolrng and Koti near Raila at the foot of the Rhotang 

 pass, which were buried in snow, were unaware that anything had happened. 

 From this one would suppose that there was no earthquake in Lahoul ; but the 

 Lahoulis say there was, and that five persons were killed and injured at Kailong, 

 where the Moravian missionaries reside, * * * 



As Mr. Calvert and a medical officer with hospital assistants were 

 just about to start on a journey into the higher valleys of the Parbati 

 and Malana rivers, I was kindly invited to join them, and so was able to 

 visit an area which would have been difficult of access by myself alone 

 at such a time. 



Sultanpur to Manikarn. 



The Buin bridge being destroyed, our party crossed the river by 

 the wooden bridge above Sultanpur. We then ascended to the 

 Borso pass which crosses the ridge-spur north of Bijli temple, 8,076 

 feet, and so down to Tipri and Channi on the Parbati river. This 

 climb was necassitated by the low road round the precipitous Jiya 

 spur having been destroyed by landslips. 



The long gentle slope from the Beas river up to the pass, a total 

 ascent of about 4,000 feet, was not remarkable for much damage to the 

 villages and hamlets situated thereon. This at first sight appeared 

 unnatural on account of the apparently rather top-heavy construction 

 of the houses — all of the hill type — until one came to realise the natural 



