304 MIDDLEMISS : KANGRA EARTHQUAKE. 



The resulting lines are shown on the map (pi. 28). This is in 



effect the grouping adopted by Oldham in his ac- 



ham's Grouping for count °f the Assam earthquake of 1897, except that 



the 1897 earthquake, that author numbers the isoseismals from the centre 



outwards as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, instead of in the reverse direction. 



The various isoseists will now be described according to their lie-, 

 the areas enclosed by them and the energy and character of the wave 



within them. 



Isoseist No. X. 



(i) Description and general Intensity. 



The innermost isoseismal line, No. X, of the Rossi-Fore! scale 

 t encloses an area of about 200 square miles. Its curve 



Areas and bound- ^ 



aries. roughly cuts Dharmsala, Rehlu, Daulatpur, Bawarna 



and Palampur, but its E. S. E. edge was found to be ill-defined. We 

 have seen that it includes much of the Kangra valley and portions of 

 the lower slopes of the Dhauladhar range. 



With the exception of this rather vague E. S. E. edge, no one who 

 Nature of evi- was familiar with the effects of the earthquake would 

 dence * have much doubt about the limits of the rest of this 



area. In all the outlying areas, destruction to life and property, though 

 it might be great, was never so sweeping as within isoseist X. What 

 were merely destroyed or ruined 1 villages within the IXth isoseist 

 become, within the Xth, flattened and levelled heaps of debris. In the 

 former one might wander amongst the ruins, in the latter one could walk 

 over the prostrate remains : in the former the better built bungalows, 

 constructed on European lines, could occasionally be partially utilised — 

 a room here' or a verandah there remaining standing, whilst in the latter 

 at Dharmsala, Kangra and Palampur, etc., all the surviving inhabitants 

 were forced into tents or temporarily erected shelters. 



Within isoseismal X also, only the strongest structures survived 

 intact, such as the Dharmsala magazine and treasury ; whilst all build- 

 ings of ordinary great strength, such as the European barracks at 



1 For def niticn of teim seep. 8. 



