24 D0GS ' ChapI. 



dogs which had not learned to bark ; but this view does not 

 seem probable, as the natives along the line of their march from 

 the north reclaimed, as we have seen, at least two N. American 

 species of Canidse. 



Turning to the Old World, some European clogs closely 

 resemble the wolf; thus the shepherd dog of the plains of 

 Hungary is white or reddish-brown, has a sharp nose, short 

 erect ears, shaggy coat, and bushy tail, and so much resembles 

 a wolf that Mr. Paget, who gives this description, says he has 

 known a Hungarian mistake a wolf for one of his own dogs. 

 Jeitteles, also, remarks on the close similarity of the Hungarian 

 dog and wolf. Shepherd dogs in Italy must anciently have 

 closely resembled wolves, for Columella (vii. 12) advises that 

 white dogs be kept, adding, " pastor album probat, ne pro lupo 

 canem feriat." Several accounts have been given of dogs and 

 wolves crossing naturally ; and Pliny asserts that the Gauls tied 

 their female dogs in the woods that they might cross with 

 wolves. 19 The European wolf differs slightly from that of North 

 America, and has been ranked by many naturalists as a distinct 

 species. The common wolf of India is also by some esteemed 

 as a third species, and here again we find a marked resemblance 

 between the pariah dogs of certain districts of India and 'the 

 Indian wolf. 20 



With respect to Jackals, Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 21 

 says that not one constant difference can be pointed out between 

 their structure and that of the smaller races of dogs. They 

 agree closely in habits : jackals, when tamed and called by their 



19 Paget's 'Travels in Hungary and of Zoophilus), in the 'Indian Sporting 

 Transylvania,' vol. i. p. 501. Jeitteles, Eeview,' Oct. 1856, p. 134. Mr. Blyth 

 'Fauna Hungarian Superioris,' 1862, s. states that he was struck with the 

 13. See Pliny, 'Hist, of the World 5 resemblance between a brush-tailed race 

 (Eng. transl.), 8th book, ch. xl., about of pariah-dogs, north-west of Cawnpore, 

 the Gauls crossing their dogs. See also and the Indian wolf. He gives corro- 

 Aristotle, 'Hist. Animal.' lib. viii. c. borative evidence with respect to the 

 28. For good evidence about wolves dogs of the valley of the Nerbudda. 

 and dogs naturally crossing near the 21 y or numerous an( j interesting de- 

 Pyrenees, see M. Mauduyt, 'Du Loup tails on the resemblance of dogs and 

 et de ses Paces,' Poitiers, 1851; also jackals, see Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 

 Pallas, in. 'Acta Acad. St. Peters- ' Hist. Nat. Gen.,' 1860, torn. hi. p. 101. 

 burgh,' 1780, part ii. p. 94. See also ' Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes,' 



20 I give this on excellent authority, par Prof. Gervais, 1855, torn. ii. p. 60*. 

 namely, Mr. Blyth (under the signature 



