Chap. III. CATTLE: THEIR PARENTAGE. 79 



different from that of 1810 ; and, since this latter period, at 

 least two distinct forms have borne the same name. 



Cattle. 



Domestic cattle are almost certainly the descendants of more 

 than one wild form, in the same manner as has been shown to 

 be the case with our dogs and pigs. Naturalists have generally 

 made two main divisions of cattle : the humped kinds inhabiting 

 tropical countries, called in India Zebus, to which the specific 

 name of Bos Indicus has been given; and the common non- 

 humped cattle, generally included under the name of Bos taurus. 

 The humped cattle were domesticated, as may be seen on the 

 Egyptian monuments, at least as early as the twelfth dynasty, 

 that is 2100 B.C. They differ from common cattle in various 

 osteological characters, even in a greater degree, according to 

 Butimeyer, 32 than do the fossil species' of Europe, namely Bos 

 jprimigenius, longifrons, and frontosus, from each other. They 

 differ, also, as Mr. Blyth, 33 who has particularly attended to this 

 subject, remarks, in general configuration, in the shape of their 

 ears, in the point where the dewlap commences, in the typical 

 curvature of their horns, in their manner of carrying their 

 heads when at rest, in their ordinary variations of colour, espe- 

 cially in the frequent presence of "nilgau-like markings on 

 their feet," and "in the one being born with teeth pro- 

 truding through the jaws, and the other not so." They have 

 different habits, and their voice is entirely different. The 

 humped cattle in India " seldom seek shade, and never go into 

 the water and there stand knee-deep, like the cattle of Europe." 

 They have run wild in parts of Oude and Kohilcund, and can 

 maintain themselves in a region infested by tigers. Thev have 

 given rise to many races differing greatly in size, in the presence 



32 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, thirteen or fourteen in number ; see a 

 s. 109, 149, 222. See also Geoffrey Saint note in • Indian Field,' 1858, p. 62. 

 Hdaire.m'Mem.duMus.d'Hist.Nat.,' 33 . The Indian Field> , lg58? p> 74> 



JSli-M'* !?i hlS S ° n Isidore ' in wliere Mr - B1 y th g^es his authorities 



. H 1 1 ! t **\>2 ', lii - P - 69 ' VaSey ' with res P ect t0 the f ^al humped cattle. 



ZlT D ^? eatMmB / th ? 0x ^Wbe/ Pickering, also, in his ■ Eaces of Man,' 



1851 p. 127, says the zebu has four, 1850, p. 274, notices the peculiar 



and the common ox five sacral vertebra*. character of the grunt-like voice of the 



Mr. Hodgson found the ribs either humped cattle. 



