80 CATTLE. CHAp< m 



of one or two humps, in length of horns, and other respects. 

 Mr. Blyth sums up emphatically that the humped and hump- 

 less cattle must be considered as distinct species. When we 

 consider the number of points in external structure and habits 

 independently of their important osteological differences, in 

 which they differ from each other; and that many of these 

 points are not likely to have been affected by domestication 

 there can hardly be a doubt, notwithstanding the adverse 

 opinion of some naturalists, that the humped and non-humped 

 cattle must be ranked as specifically distinct. 



The European breeds of humpless cattle are numerous. 

 Professor Low enumerates 19 British breeds, only a few of which 

 are identical with those on the Continent. Even the small 

 Channel islands of Guernsey, Jersey, and Alderney possess their 

 own sub-breeds ; 34 and these again differ from the cattle of the 

 other British islands, such as Anglesea, and the western isles of 

 Scotland. Desmarest, who paid attention to the subject, de- 

 scribes 15 French races, excluding sub-varieties and those 

 imported from other countries. In other parts of Europe there 

 are several distinct races, such as the pale-coloured Hungarian 

 cattle, with their light and free step, and their enormous horns 

 sometimes measuring above five feet from tip to tip: 35 the 

 Podolian cattle are remarkable from the height of their fore- 

 quarters. In the most recent work on Cattle, 36 engravings are 

 given of fifty-five European breeds ; it is, however, probable that 

 several of these differ very little from each other, or are merely 

 synonyms. It must not be supposed that numerous breeds of 

 cattle exist only in long-civilized countries, for we shall pre- 

 sently see that several kinds are kept by the savages of 

 Southern Africa. 



With respect to the parentage of the several European breeds, we already 

 know much from Nilsson's Memoir, 3 ? and more especially from Etitimeyer's 

 ' Pfahlbauten ' and succeeding works. Two or three species or forms of 



34 Mr. H. E. Marquand, in ' The primigenius. 



Times,' June 23rd, 1856. 36 Moll and Q ayot> « La Connaissance 



35 Vasey, ' Delineations of the Ox- Gen. du Bceuf,' Paris, 1860. Fig. 82 is 

 Tribe,' p. 124. Brace's ' Hungary,' 1851, that of the Podolian breed. 



p. 94. The Hungarian cattle descend, 37 A translation appeared in three 



according to Kiitimeyer (« Zahmen. parts in the ' Annals and Mag. of Nat. 



Europ. Kindes.,' 1866, s. 13), from Bos Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. iv., 1849. 



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