Chap. XVIII. CHANGED CONDITIONS. 153 



near Birmingham ; but the female never produced more than two young 

 at a birth, whereas in its native American home she bears from three to six 

 young. 22 



Monkeys, in the nine-year Beport from the Zoological Gardens, are 

 stated to unite most freely, but during this period, though many indi- 

 viduals were kept, there were only seven births. I have heard of one 

 American monkey alone, the Ouistiti, breeding in Europe. 23 A Macacus, 

 according to Flourens, bred in Paris ; and more than one species of this 

 genus has produced young in London, especially the Macacus rhesus, 

 which everywhere shows a special capacity to breed under confinement. 

 Hybrids have been produced both in Paris and London from this same 

 genus. The Arabian baboon, or Gynocephalus hcmadryas?* and a Cer- 

 c»pithecus have bred in the Zoological Gardens, and the latter species 

 at the Duke of Northumberland's. Several members of the family of 

 Lemurs have produced hybrids in the Zoological Gardens. It is much 

 more remarkable that monkeys very rarely breed when confined in their 

 native country; thus the Cay (Cebus azarce) is frequently and completely 

 tamed in Paraguay, but Bengger 25 says that it breeds so rarely, that he 

 never saw more than two females which had produced young. A similar 

 observation has been made with respect to the monkeys which are fre- 

 quently tamed by the aborigines in Brazil. 26 In the region of the 

 Amazons, these animals are so often kept in a tame state, that Mr. Bates 

 in walking through the streets of Para counted thirteen species ; but, as 

 he asserts, they have never been known to breed in captivity. 27 



Birds. 



Birds offer in some respects better evidence than quadrupeds, from their 

 breeding more rapidly and being kept in greater numbers. "We have seen 

 that carnivorous animals are more fertile under confinement than most 

 other mammals. The reverse holds good with carnivorous birds. It is 

 saiA 28 that as many as eighteen species have been used in Europe for 

 hawking, and several others in Persia and India ; 29 they have been kept in 

 their native country in the finest condition, and have been flown during 

 six, eight, or nine years; 30 yet there is no record of their having ever 

 produced young. As these birds were formerly caught whilst young, at 

 great expense, being imported from Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, there can 



22 Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. 26 Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p- 

 is., 1836, p. 571 ; Audubon and Bach- 363. 



man's ' Quadrupeds of North America,' 2 ' ' The Naturalist on the River 



P- 221. Amazons,' vol. i. p. 99. 



23 Flourens, ' De l'lnstinct,' &c, 1815, 28 ' Encyclop. of Bural Sports,' p. 

 P- 88. 691. 



24 See' Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 29 According to Sir A. Burnes 

 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864 ; ' Times ' news- (' Cabool,' &c, p. 51), eight species 

 paper, Aug. 10th, 1847 ; Flourens, ' De are used for hawking in Scinde. 

 l'lnstinct,' p. 85. 30 Loudon's ' Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. 



25 ' Saugethiere,' &c, s. 34, 49. yi., 1833, p. 110. 



