68 INITIATIVE IN EVOLUTION 



numerous, shallow and fine, the latter few and comparatively deep. 

 The difference between elderly women and men in respect of the 

 projecting hairs is not that men have many more physiological 

 wrinkles, but that the hairs of women in this region do not stiffen 

 and grow long nearly so much as those of men. 



There are three groups of wrinkles found on the human forehead 

 and face, vertical, arched or horizontal and orbital. This division of 

 wrinkles is a natural one, for each group is produced by the action of 

 different muscles, the vertical by the corrugator muscle, which is a 

 narrow band passing from under the frontalis muscle inwards, where 

 it is attached to the bone between the two eyebrows ; the arched by 

 the action of the frontalis muscle, one which moves the scalp and in 

 doing so elevates the eyebrows ; the orbital by the elliptic orbicularis 

 muscle which closes the eyelids. These muscles are shown in Fig. 20. 



Vertical wrinkles are found in the central region of the forehead 

 and sometimes occupy the middle line with a deep furrow, more 

 often they are bilateral and symmetrical, near the inner fourth 

 part of the eyebrow, and sometimes they are placed at different 

 distances from the middle line. 



Arched wrinkles extend over the forehead in a series of lines 

 which are usually concentric with the curve of the eyebrows, but 

 are sometimes nearly horizontal. 



Orbital wrinkles may lie in a radiating plan all round the 

 outer lower and inner borders of the orbit, and in some persons 

 they are found lying over the curves of the orbicularis muscle itself. 



Some Examples. 



The variations in the long hairs of men's eyebrows present 

 some very singular tufts, and I have added below nine figures 

 of certain cases examined and noted by myself, and these are, 

 I hope, plain enough without any more detailed account than is 

 given in the few words describing each. 



Unless one's attention be specially directed to these aberrant 

 hairs, which are extremely common, one would not expect that 

 hairs could be so variously twisted by muscular action beneath 

 them. You may see a tuft of long hair projecting from the plane 

 of the eyebrows towards the inner end, looking like a small horn, 

 and I have measured individual hairs in elderly persons and found 

 many an inch in length and a few an inch and a half. Such a tuft 

 gives a fierce look to the countenance if the hairs are bushy and 

 plentiful. The celebrated Dr. Keate, the flogging Head of Eton, 

 a fiery strenuous person, was noted for the extraordinary long 



