HABITS AND HAIR OF UNGULATES 91 



on the ground. When this cycle was completed the stages would 

 again be begun, continued and ended. They were flapping their 

 wide ears in various directions, and twitching endlessly the skin 

 of the flanks and dewlaps with their fly shakers. This large group 

 afforded, if one may so describe it, a cinematographic picture of 

 the lives of countless generations of this conservative animal. 

 Conservative as she is, I doubt not that in the long-past ages her 

 quiet though persistent habits had once a battle to wage for the 

 production of even these mild innovations that I have described. 

 These present fashions must have been well developed three thousand 

 five hundred years ago and have adorned that " calf, tender and 

 good," which Abraham in the plains of Mamre fetched for the 

 midday meal of his visitors. 



