56 Actual Races in History. 



bird and of a man, the conclusion to be drawn with 

 regard to some object seen will be the same in both. 

 Granting an ape to have lungs and a man to have 

 lungs, then in similar conditions each is liable 

 to grow consumptive. Considering, on the one 

 hand, the perceptions or instincts which are de- 

 veloped in sensitive organs, and, on the other, that 

 kind of knowledge which is gathered by an inor- 

 ganic intellect, the generic idea of perception or 

 knowledge will apply to both, to the sensitive in- 

 stincts, though they be only in a fowl or a pointer 

 dog, and to the thoughts and reasonings of a man's 

 mind; while the perceptions in the two cases re- 

 main specifically different. In short, to illustrate 

 what is meant by analogy, let us take a familiar, 

 every-day instance. There are ten cents in a dime, 

 and ten cents in a dollar, but differently. The 

 equivalence is exact in both. In the dollar, how- 

 ever, there is something more; and the ten cents 

 that are in it are not there as in the dime. Yet, 

 what they are worth under the one form, they are 

 worth under the other. This is an identity of anal- 

 ogy in two different coins, the dime and the dollar. 

 What it means and comes to in different organisms, 

 as the ape and the man, we shall see under the head 

 of biology (No. 197); as well as the surprising con- 

 clusions that have been drawn from it; as if two be- 

 ings that are identical under any aspect of analogy 

 must have come one from the other directly, or 

 both collaterally from a third. I refer to the 



