6 Contents. 



Results of direct observation, 61 ; physical and physiologi- 

 cal conclusions, 63. Intellectual qualities : speech, 65 ; talk- 

 ing apes and submerged continents, 66 ; tongues, 68 ; con- 

 science, 69 ; charity, 71 ; religion, 73. 



Differentiation of races. 76 ; conditions of life, or environ- 

 ment, 77 ; radical nature and racial nature, 80 ; vitiated con- 

 ditions of life, 81. 



Hunters, shepherds, farmers, 82 ; cost of acclimatization, 

 83 ; migrations, 85 ; instincts of sociability, 88 ; the man of 

 the future, 93. 



Recapitulation: results of anthropology, 95. 



BIOLOGY. 



CHAPTER III. 



Species ; or, Darwinism. 



Naturalism or materialism, 100 ; species, race, 104 ; the 

 origin of Darwinism, 105. Sophisms : analogy, equivoca- 

 tion, comparison, erudition, hypothesis, begging the question, 

 106. 



Likeness, filiation, heredity, 109. Three objections to 

 natural selection: Dr. Romanes, 112 ; (a) sterility of species, 

 113 ; (b) time and other accidents, 1 14 ; (c) utilities, — a vicious 

 circle, 115; Mr. Darwin's manner of answering, 117; more 

 sophisms : chance, induction, post hoc, non-causa, 121. 



Deduction : (a) uninterrupted descent, 122 ; (b) unities and 

 varieties in nature: law of permanent characterization, 123 ; 

 (c) a plea for genuine biology, 126; the miraculous in science, 

 the sophism ad odiu??i> 128. 



Rudiments, 129; evolution and degeneration, 132 ; hybrids 

 and mongrels, 133 ; reversion, disordered variation, atavism, 

 134; law of correlation, 135; use and non-use, 136; the struggle 

 for existence, 139 ; the economy of nature, 142 ; survival of 

 the fittest, 143 ; natural selection, 145. 



