Chap. XII.] IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH. 163 



a hillock in Europe ! Still more striking is the fact 

 that peculiar Australian forms are represented by 

 certain plants growing on the summits of the moun- 

 tains of Borneo. Some of these Australian forms, as I 

 hear from Dr. Hooker, extend along the heights of the 

 peninsula of Malacca, and are thinly scattered on the 

 one hand over India, and on the other hand as far 

 north as Japan. 



On the southern mountains of Australia, Dr. 

 F. Muller has discovered several European species ; 

 other species, not introduced by man, occur on the 

 lowlands; and a long list can be given, as I am 

 informed by Dr. Hooker, of European genera, found in 

 Australia, but not in the intermediate torrid regions. 

 In the admirable 'Introduction to the Flora of New 

 Zealand,' by Dr. Hooker, analogous and striking facts 

 are given in regard to the plants of that large island. 

 Hence we see that certain plants growing on the more 

 lofty mountains of the tropics in all parts of the world, 

 and on the temperate plains of the north and south, are 

 either the same species or varieties of the same species. 

 It should, however, be observed that these plants are 

 not strictly arctic forms ; for, as Mr. H. C. Watson 

 has remarked, " in receding from polar towards equa- 

 torial latitudes, the Alpine or mountain floras really 

 become less and less Arctic." Besides these identical 

 and closely allied forms, many species inhabiting the 

 same widely sundered areas, belong to genera not now 

 found in the intermediate tropical lowlands. 



These brief remarks apply to plants alone ; but some 

 few analogous facts could be given in regard to terres- 

 trial animals. In marine productions, similar cases 



likewise occur ; as an example, I may quote a statement 

 32 



