Chap. XIII.] MAMMALS ON OCEANIC ISLANDS. 185 



of their mammalian inhabitants. Mr. Windsor Earl 

 has made some striking observations on this head, since 

 greatly extended by Mr. Wallace's admirable researches, 

 in regard to the great Malay Archipelago, which is 

 traversed near Celebes by a space of deep ocean, and 

 this separates two widely distinct mammalian faunas. 

 On either side the islands stand on a moderately shallow 

 submarine bank, and these islands are inhabited by the 

 same or by closely allied quadrupeds. I have not as 

 yet had time to follow up this subject in all quarters of 

 the world ; but as far as I have gone, the relation holds 

 good. For instance, Britain is separated by a shallow 

 channel from Europe, and the mammals are the same 

 on both sides ; and so it is with all the islands hear the 

 shores of Australia. The West Indian Islands, on the 

 other hand, stand on a deeply submerged bank, nearly 

 1000 fathoms in depth, and here we find American 

 forms, but the species and even the genera are quite 

 distinct. As the amount of modification which animals 

 of all kinds undergo partly depends on the lapse of 

 time, and as the islands which are separated from each 

 other or from the mainland by shallow channels, are 

 more likely to have been continuously united within a 

 recent period than the islands separated by deeper 

 channels, we can understand how it is that a relation 

 exists between the depth of the sea separating two 

 mammalian faunas, and the degree of their affinity, — 

 a relation which is quite inexplicable on the theory of 

 independent acts of creation. 



The foregoing statements in regard to the inhabitants 

 of oceanic islands, — namely, the fewness of the species, 



with a large proportion consisting of endemic forms 



the members of certain groups, but not those of other 



