Chap. X. TEEES. 385 



variable than trees growing in their native forests, there can hardly 

 be a doubt that they have yielded a greater number of strongly- 

 marked and singular variations of structure. 



In manner of growth, we have weeping or pendulous varieties 

 of the willow, ash, elm, oak, and yew, and other trees ; and this 

 weeping habit is sometimes inherited, though in a singularly 

 capricious manner. In the Lombardy poplar, and in certain 

 fastigiate or pyramidal varieties of thorns, junipers, oaks, &c, we 

 have an opposite kind of growth. The Hessian oak, 147 which is 

 famous from its fastigiate habit and size, bears hardly any resem- 

 blance in general appearance to a common oak; "its acorns are 

 not sure to produce plants of the same habit ; some, however, turn 

 out the same as the parent-tree." Another fastigiate oak is said 

 to have been found wild in the Pyrenees, and this is a surprising 

 circumstance ; it generally comes so true by seed, that De Candolle 

 considered it as specifically distinct. 148 The fastigiate Juniper 

 {J. suecica) likewise transmits its character by seed. 149 Dr. Falconer 

 informs me that in the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta the great heat 

 caused apple-trees to become fastigiate ; and we thus see the same 

 result following from the effects of climate and from some unknown 

 cause. 1 '' 



In foliage we have variegated leaves which are often inherited ; 

 dark purple or red leaves, as in the hazel, barberry, and beech, 

 the colour in these two latter trees being sometimes strongly and 

 sometimes weakly inherited; 151 deeply- cut leaves; and leaves 

 covered with prickles, as in the variety of the holly well called 

 ferox, which is said to reproduce itself by seed. 1 ' 2 In fact, nearly 

 all the peculiar varieties evince a tendency, more or less strongly 

 marked, to reproduce themselves by seed. 153 This is to a certain 

 extent the case, according to Bosc, 154 with three varieties of the 

 elm, namely, the broad-leafed, lime-leafed, and twisted elm, in which 

 latter the fibres of the wood are twisted. Even with the hetero- 

 phyllous hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), which bears on each twig- 

 leaves of two shapes, " several plants raised from seed all retained 

 "the same peculiarity." 155 I will add only one other remarkable 

 case of variation in foliage, namely, the occurrence of two sub- 

 varieties of the ash with simple instead of pinnated leaves, and 



147 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1842, p. graph. Bot.,' p. 1083. Verlot, 'Sir 

 ?.6. la Production des Varietes,' 1865 ; p, 



148 Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruti- 55 for the Barberry. 



cetum,' vol. iii. p. 1731. 152 Loudon's 'Arboretum et Fruti- 



149 Ibid.,' vol. iv. p. 2489. cetum,' vol. ii. p. 508. 



150 Godron (' De l'Espece,' torn. ii. 133 Yeriot, ' Des Varietes,' 1865, 

 p. 91) describes four varieties of Ro- p. 92. 



linia remarkable from their manner 154 Loudon's ' Arboretum et Fruti- 



of growth. cetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376. 



151 'Journal of a Horticultural 155 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, 

 Tour, by Caledonian Hon. Soc.,' 1823, p. 687. 



p. 107. Alph. De Candolle, 'Geo- 



