NOTES. 461 



Biogeny : " Ontogenesis snmmarium vel recapitulatio est phy- 

 logeneseos, tanto integrius, quanto hereditate palingenesis con- 

 servatnr, tanto minus integrum, quanto adaptatione kenogenesis 

 introducitur." Cf. my " Aims and Methods of Recent History 

 of Evolution " (" Ziele und Wege der Heutigen Entwickelungs- 

 geschichte," p. 77. Jena, 1876). 



11 (i. 17). Mechanical and purposive causes. Mechanical 

 natural philosophy assumes that throughout nature, in organic 

 as well as in inorganic processes, only non-purposive, mechanical, 

 necessarily-working causes exist (causce efficientes, mechanism, 

 causality). On the other hand, vitalistic natural philosophy 

 asserts that the latter are at work only in inorganic processes, 

 which in certain other, purposive, special causes are at work, 

 conscious or purposive causes, working for a definite end (causce 

 finales, Vitalism, Teleology). (Cf. " Generelle Morphologic," 

 vol. i. p. 94) 



12 (i. 17). Mpnism and Dualism. Unitary philosophy, or 

 Monism, is neither extremely materialistic nor extremely spirit- 

 ualistic, but resembles rather a union and combination of these 

 opposed principles, in that it conceives all nature as one whole 

 and nowhere recognizes any but mechanical causes. Binary 

 philosophy, on the other hand, or Dualism, regards nature and 

 spirit, matter and force, inorganic and organic nature as distinct 

 and independent existences. (Cf. vol. ii. p. 456.) 



13 (i. 20). Morphology and Physiology. Morphology (as 

 the science of forms) and Physiology (as the science of the 

 functions of organisms) are indeed connected, but co-ordinate 

 sciences, independent of each other. The two together constitute 

 Biology, or the " science of organisms." Each has its peculiar 

 methods and aids. (Cf. " Generelle Morphologie," vol. i. pp. 

 17-21.) 



14 (i. 24). Morphogeny and Physiogeny. Biogeny, or the 

 11 history of the evolution of organisms," up to the present time 

 has been almost exclusively Morphogeny. Just as this first 

 opens the way to a true knowledge of organic forms, so will 

 Physiogeny afterwards make a true recognition of functions 



