CHAPTER IV. 



THE EARLIER HISTORY OF PHYLOGENY. 



Jean Lamarck. 



Phylogeny before Darwin. — Origin of Species. — Karl Linnaeus' Idea of 

 Species, and Assent to Moses' Biblical History of Creation. — The 

 Deluge. — Palaeontology. — George Cuvier's Theory of Catastrophes. — 

 Repeated Terrestrial Revolutions, and New Creations. — Lyell's Theorj 

 of Continuity. — The Natural Causes of the Constant Modification 

 of the Earth. — Supernatural Origin of Organisms. — Immanuel Kant's 

 Dualistic Philosophy of Nature. — Jean Lamarck. — Monistic Philosophy 

 of Nature. — The Story of his Life. — His Philosophie Zoologique. — First 

 Scientific Statement of the Doctrine of Descent. — Modification of 

 Organs by Practice and Habit, in Conjunction with Heredity. — Applica- 

 tion of the Theory to Man. — Descent of Man from the Ape. — Wolfgang 

 Goethe. — His Studies in Natural Science. — His Morphology. — His 

 Studies of the " Formation and Transformation of Organisms." — 

 Goethe's Theory of the Tendency to Specific Differences (Heredity 

 and of Metamorphosis (Adaptation). 



" It would be an easy task to show that the characteristics in the organi. 

 ration of man, on account of which the human species and races are 

 grouped as a distinct family, are all results of former changes of occu- 

 pation, and of acquired habits, which have come to be distinctive of indi- 

 viduals of his kind. When, compelled by circumstances, the most highly 

 developed apes accustomed themselves to walking erect, they gained 

 the ascendant over the other animals. The absolute advantage they 



