CHAPTER V. 



MODERN PHYLOGENY. 



Charles Darwin. 



Relation of Modern to Earlier Phylogeny.— Charles Darwin's Work on the 

 Origin of Species. — Causes of its Remarkable Success. — The Theory of 

 Selection : the Interrelation of Hereditary Transmission and Adaptation 

 in the Struggle for Existence. — Darwin's Life and Voyage Round the 

 World. — His Grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. — Charles Darwin's Study 

 of Domestic Animals and Plants. — Comparison of Artificial with 

 Natural Conditions of Breeding. — The Struggle for Existence. — Neces- 

 sary Application of the Theory of Descent to Man. — Descent of Man 

 from the Ape. — Thomas Huxley. — Karl Vogt. — Friedrich Eolle. — 

 The Pedigrees in the Generelle Morphologie and the " History of 

 Creation." — The Genealogical Alternative. — The Descent of Man from 

 Apes deduced from the Theory of Descent. — The Theory of Descent 

 as the Greatest Inductive Law of Biology. — Foundation of this Induc- 

 tion. — Palaeontology. — Comparative Anatomy. — The Theory of Rudi- 

 mentary Organs. — Purposelessness, or Dysteleology. — Genealogy of the 

 Natural System. — Chorology. — CEkology. — Ontogeny. — Refutation of 

 the Dogma of Species. — The " Monograph on the Chalk Sponges j " 

 Analytic Evidence for the Theory of Descent. 



"By considering the embryological structure of man — the homologies 

 which he presents with the lower animals — the rudiments which he retains — 

 and the reversions to which he is liable, we can partly recall in imagination 

 the former condition of our early progenitors ; and can approximately place 

 them in their proper position in the zoological series. We thus learn that 

 man is descended from a hairy quadruped, furnished with a tail and pointed 

 ears, probably arboreal in its habits, and an inhabitant of the Old World. 



