12 C. E. Beeclier —Origin and Significance of Spines. 



Compound Spines. 



A simple, sharp, conical process expresses only the primitive 

 type of spine. In plants and animals, it is the most common 

 form found, and is the first stage of spine differentiation. 

 From this type, the myriad forms of spines known in the 

 organic world are produced by almost insensible gradations. 

 It is needless to attempt a detailed description of this infinite 

 variety ; but, as a single illustration, some of the leading forms 

 of spine differentiation among the Radiolaria are here shown 

 ^Plate I). These figures are taken from Haeckel's " Keport 



Figure 21.— Simple spine. 



Figure 22. — Spine, with lateral spinules. 



Figure 23. — Spine, with forked apex and lateral spmulose spinules. 



on the Radiolaria," 26 and generally represent enlargements of 

 from 100 to 400 diameters.* Probably no other class of 



* Explanation of Plate I. 



Spiniform processes of recent Radiolaria taken 

 species : 



Fig. 1.— Heliosphsera coronata. Fig. 27- 



Fig. 2.— Astrosphasra stellata. Fig. 28.- 



Fig. 3. — Astrophacus Solaris. Fig. 29.- 



Fig. 4. — Stylosphsera calliope. Fig. 30.- 



Fig. 5. — Heliodiscus glyphodon. Fig. 31 — 



Fig. 6. — Pripodictya triacautha. Fig. 32.- 



Fig. 7. — Pleuraspis horrida. Fig. 33 - 



Fig. 8. — Hexacontium sceptrum Fig. 34.- 



Fig. 9. — Acanthosphsera clavata. Fig. 35.- 



Fig. 10. — Acanthosphrera clavata. Fig. 36.- 

 Fig. 11. — Cromyodrymus quadricuspis. Fig. 37.- 



Fig. 12. — Hexacontium clavigerum. Fig. 38.- 



Fig. 13. — Orosphsera horrida. Fig. 39- 



Fig. 14. — Staurocyclia phacostaurus. Fig. 40.- 



Fig. 15. — Tripospyris capitata. Fig. 41.- 



Fig. 16. — Archipera cortiniscus. Fig. 42.- 



Fig. 17. — Tripospyris conifera. Fig. 43.- 



Fig. 18. — Orosphasra serpentina. Fig. 44.- 



Fig. 19. — Staurolonche pertusa. Fig. 45.- 



Fig. 20. — Astrosphasra stellata. Fig. 46.- 



Fig. 21. — Staurodictya elegans. Fig. 47.- 



Fig. 22. — Hexastylus contortus. Fig. 48.- 



Fig. 23.— Stephanospyris excellens. Fig. 49.- 



Fig. 24. — Podocyrtis magmfica. Fig. 50.- 



Fig. 25. — Hexaucistra mirabilis. Fig. 51.- 



Fig. 26. — Pnctyophimus Cienkowskii. Fig. 52.- 



from the shells of the following 



-Elalomma juniperinum. 

 -Castanura tizardi. 

 -Pleuraspis horrida. 

 -Staurocarynum arborescens. 

 •Rhizosphasra serrata. 

 -Phaenocalpis petalospyris. 

 -Aulospathis bifurca. 

 -Aulographis bovicornis. 

 -Aulographis ancorata. 

 -Aulographis bovicornis. 

 -Sphasrozoum verticillatum. 

 -Cladococcus pinetum. 

 -HexaDcistra triserrata. 

 -Cladococcus stalactites. 

 -Hexancistra quadricuspis. 

 -Heliodrymus ramosus. 

 -Heliodrymus dendrocyclus. 

 -Aulographis pandora. 

 -Cladoscenium ancoratum. 

 -Cladococcus scoparius. 

 -Auloscena penicillus. 

 -Circostephanus coronarius. 

 -Lychnosphpera regina. 

 -Auloscena spectabilis. 

 -Coelospathis aucorata. 

 -Octodendron spathillatum. 



