472 J. K Todd — Revision of the Moraines of Minnesota. 



ber that Mr. Upham strongly argues for the glacial character 

 of these early lakes. 



Third, it does not correspond with the directions of striae.. 

 This is particularly true of the striae at Duluth and Carlton. 

 As reported in Mr. Upham's paper in the 22d annual report 

 of Geol. Survey of Minnesota, the striae are represented as 

 being prevalently parallel with the axis of Lake Superior or 

 extending west-southwest. Indeed, some are directed north 

 of west. On the same map a number north of the Mesabi 

 range are represented as extending southwest, indicating a 

 decidedly westward movement of the ice in the region in the 

 northern part of Lake County and also about Rainy Lake. 

 Still more decisive are the striae found along the upper course 

 of Big Fork in southern Itasca County, where the prevalent 

 movement seems to have been westward. Unfortunately, we 

 have not the evidence of striae to assist us in the western half 

 of the State. 



Fourth, this view does not harmonize with the motion of 

 the ice as indicated by bowlders. The White Earth Reserva- 

 tion west of the great divide abounds in limestone bowlders. 

 They are also abundant about Black Duck Lake and Turtle 

 River Lake in Beltrami County, but are rare in the whole of 

 the Mississippi River basin. This is difficult to account for, 

 provided the ice moved for a long time southward from the 

 Red Luke valley into the Mississippi basin. 



Mr. J. E. Spnrr, in his report of 1893 (Minn. Geol. Survey), 

 calls attention to the fact that the Mesabi range contains 

 bowlders from the north entirely, while the moraine next 

 south "is characterized by the constant presence of large 

 bowlders of the coarse orthosyte and other rocks which are 

 found chiefly from the Keweenawan province and so must 

 have come in a southwesterly direction." He also calls atten- 

 tion to the fact that the area between the southern moraine, 

 which is identified by Mr. Upham with Leaf Hills and the 

 Mesabi Range, is covered with drift similar to that of the 

 moraine mentioned. 



Fifth, it does not agree with later observations of morainic 

 areas. As these will be more fully given in a subsequent sec- 

 tion, we will simply indicate some of the more significant 

 points here. 



In the northern part of Hubbard County and southern part 

 of Beltrami, two moraines were found extending in approxi- 

 mately parallel curves, convex toward the west, one of them 

 forming a reentrant angle south of Leach Lake. 



The moraine about Itasca seems quite as closely connected 

 with the morainic areas southwest as toward the east, and from 

 the topography it seems probable that the ice lingered toward 



