﻿G. 
  L. 
  Goodale 
  — 
  Possibilities 
  of 
  Economic 
  Botany. 
  301 
  

  

  9 
  Tn 
  order 
  to 
  avoid 
  possible 
  misapprehension, 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  stated 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  

   a 
  few 
  persons 
  who 
  hold 
  that 
  at 
  least 
  some 
  of 
  our 
  cereals, 
  and 
  other 
  cultivated 
  

   plants, 
  for 
  that 
  matter, 
  have 
  not 
  undergone 
  material 
  improvement 
  but 
  are 
  essen- 
  

   tially 
  unmodified 
  progeny. 
  Under 
  this 
  view, 
  if 
  we 
  could 
  look 
  back 
  into 
  the 
  

   farthest 
  past, 
  we 
  should 
  see 
  our 
  cereals 
  growing 
  wild 
  and 
  in 
  such 
  admirable 
  con- 
  

   dition 
  that 
  we 
  should 
  unhesitatingly 
  select 
  them 
  for 
  immediate 
  use. 
  This 
  extreme 
  

   position 
  is 
  untenable. 
  

  

  Again, 
  there 
  are 
  a 
  few 
  extremists 
  who 
  hold 
  that 
  some 
  plants 
  under 
  cultivation 
  

   have 
  reached 
  their 
  culminating 
  point, 
  and 
  must 
  now 
  remain 
  stationary 
  or 
  begin 
  

   to 
  retrograde. 
  

  

  10 
  Gray's 
  Botanical 
  Text 
  Book. 
  Vols, 
  i 
  and 
  ii. 
  

  

  11 
  .-1 
  Selection 
  from 
  the 
  Physiological 
  and 
  Horticultural 
  Papers, 
  published 
  in 
  the 
  

   Transactions 
  of 
  the 
  Royal 
  and 
  Horticultural 
  Societies, 
  by 
  the 
  late 
  Thomas 
  

   Andrew 
  Knight, 
  Esq., 
  President 
  of 
  the 
  Hort. 
  Soc. 
  London. 
  (London) 
  1841. 
  

  

  12 
  Illustrations 
  of 
  the 
  Manners 
  and 
  Customs 
  and 
  Condition 
  of 
  the 
  North 
  American 
  

   Indians. 
  By 
  George 
  Catlin, 
  London, 
  1876. 
  A 
  reprint 
  of 
  the 
  account 
  published 
  

   in 
  1841 
  of 
  travels 
  in 
  1832-40. 
  

  

  •' 
  Plate 
  278 
  is 
  a 
  party 
  of 
  Sioux, 
  in 
  bark 
  canoes 
  (purchased 
  of 
  the 
  Chippewas), 
  

   gathering 
  the 
  wild 
  rice, 
  which 
  grows 
  in 
  immense 
  fields 
  around 
  the 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  

   rivers 
  and 
  lakes 
  of 
  these 
  northern 
  regions, 
  and 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Indians 
  as 
  an 
  article 
  

   of 
  food. 
  The 
  mode 
  of 
  gathering 
  it 
  is 
  curious 
  and. 
  as 
  seen 
  'in 
  the 
  drawing, 
  one 
  

   woman 
  paddles 
  the 
  canoe, 
  whilst 
  another 
  with 
  a 
  stick 
  in 
  each 
  hand, 
  bends 
  the 
  

   rice 
  over 
  the 
  canoe 
  with 
  one. 
  and 
  strikes 
  it 
  with 
  the 
  other, 
  which 
  shakes 
  it 
  into 
  

   the 
  canoe, 
  which 
  is 
  constantly 
  moving 
  along 
  until 
  it 
  is 
  filled." 
  A 
  r 
  ol. 
  ii. 
  p. 
  208. 
  

  

  13 
  Schliemann's 
  carbonized 
  specimens 
  exhumed 
  in 
  Greece 
  are 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  '• 
  very 
  

   hard, 
  fine-grained, 
  sharp, 
  very 
  flat- 
  on 
  grooved 
  side, 
  different 
  from 
  any 
  wheats 
  now 
  

   known.'* 
  Am. 
  Antiq., 
  1880, 
  66. 
  

  

  The 
  carbonized 
  grains 
  in 
  the 
  Peabody 
  Museum 
  at 
  Cambridge, 
  Mass., 
  are 
  small. 
  

  

  14 
  Prehistoric 
  Times 
  as 
  illustrated 
  by 
  Ancient 
  Remains 
  and 
  the 
  manners 
  and 
  

   customs 
  of 
  modern 
  savages. 
  By 
  John 
  Lubbock. 
  Bart., 
  (New 
  York), 
  4th 
  edn., 
  

   1886. 
  

  

  " 
  Three 
  varieties 
  of 
  wheat 
  were 
  cultivated 
  by 
  the 
  Lake 
  Dwellers, 
  who 
  also 
  

   possessed 
  two 
  kinds 
  of 
  barley 
  and 
  two 
  of 
  millet. 
  Of 
  these 
  the 
  most 
  ancient 
  and 
  

   most 
  important 
  were 
  the 
  six-rowed 
  barley 
  and 
  small 
  "'Lake 
  Dwellers'" 
  wheat. 
  

   The 
  discovery 
  of 
  Egyptian 
  wheat 
  (Triticum 
  turgidum). 
  at 
  Wang-en 
  and 
  Roben- 
  

   hausen, 
  is 
  particularly 
  interesting. 
  Oats 
  were 
  cultivated 
  during 
  the 
  bronze 
  age, 
  

   but 
  are 
  absent 
  from 
  all 
  the 
  stone 
  age 
  villages 
  Rye 
  was 
  also 
  unknown," 
  p. 
  216. 
  

  

  "Wheat 
  is 
  most 
  common, 
  having 
  been 
  discovered 
  at 
  Merlen. 
  Moosseedorf 
  and 
  

   "Wangen. 
  At 
  the 
  latter 
  place, 
  indeed, 
  many 
  bushels 
  of 
  it 
  were 
  found, 
  the 
  grains 
  

   being 
  in 
  large 
  thick 
  lumps. 
  In 
  other 
  cases, 
  the 
  grains 
  are 
  free, 
  and 
  without 
  

   chaff, 
  resembling 
  our 
  present 
  wheat 
  in 
  size 
  and 
  form, 
  while 
  more 
  rarely 
  they 
  are 
  

   still 
  in 
  the 
  ear." 
  115 
  species 
  of 
  plants 
  have 
  been 
  identified. 
  Heer. 
  Keller. 
  

  

  15 
  Les 
  Plantes 
  Potageres. 
  Yilmorin. 
  Faris. 
  Translated 
  into 
  English 
  under 
  the 
  

   direction 
  of 
  W. 
  Robinson. 
  Editor 
  of 
  the 
  (London) 
  "'Garden," 
  1885, 
  and 
  entitled 
  

   The 
  Vegetable 
  Garden. 
  

  

  10 
  1. 
  c. 
  English 
  Edn., 
  p 
  104. 
  

  

  17 
  According 
  to 
  notes 
  made 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Manning. 
  Sec. 
  Massachusetts 
  Horticultural 
  

   Society. 
  (Hist. 
  Mass. 
  Hort. 
  Society) 
  the 
  tomato 
  was 
  introduced 
  into 
  Salem, 
  Mass., 
  

   about 
  1802 
  by 
  Michele 
  Felice 
  Come, 
  an 
  Italian 
  painter, 
  but 
  he 
  found 
  it 
  difficult 
  to 
  

   persuade 
  people 
  even 
  to 
  taste 
  the 
  fruit 
  (Felt's 
  Annals 
  of 
  Salem, 
  vol. 
  ii, 
  631). 
  It 
  

   was 
  said 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  introduced 
  into 
  Philadelphia 
  by 
  a 
  French 
  refugee 
  from 
  

   San 
  Domingo 
  in 
  1798. 
  It 
  was 
  used 
  as 
  an 
  article 
  of 
  food 
  in 
  New 
  Orleans 
  in 
  1812 
  

   but 
  was 
  not 
  sold 
  in 
  the 
  markets 
  of 
  Philadelphia 
  until 
  1829. 
  It 
  did 
  not 
  come 
  

   into 
  general 
  use 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  until 
  some 
  years 
  after 
  the 
  last 
  named 
  date. 
  

  

  18 
  '-In 
  Spain 
  and 
  those 
  hot 
  regions, 
  they 
  use 
  to 
  eat 
  the 
  (Love) 
  apples 
  prepared 
  

   and 
  boiled 
  with 
  pepper, 
  salt, 
  and 
  olives; 
  but 
  they 
  yield 
  very 
  little 
  nourishment 
  

   to 
  the 
  bodies, 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  nought 
  and 
  corrupt. 
  Likewise 
  they 
  doe 
  eat 
  the 
  

   apples 
  with 
  oile, 
  vinegar, 
  and 
  pepper 
  mixed 
  together 
  for 
  sauce 
  to 
  their 
  meat 
  even 
  

   as 
  we 
  in 
  these 
  Cold 
  Countries 
  do 
  Mustard." 
  Gerard's 
  Herbal 
  346, 
  

  

  \' 
  19 
  Commercial 
  Botany 
  of 
  the 
  Nineteenth 
  Century. 
  By 
  John 
  R. 
  Jackson, 
  A.L.S. 
  

   Cassell 
  and 
  Company, 
  London, 
  1890. 
  

  

  