﻿384 
  A. 
  M. 
  Edwards 
  — 
  Infusorial 
  Earths 
  of 
  Pacific 
  Coast. 
  

  

  Thus 
  then 
  we 
  have 
  described 
  seven 
  new 
  fluviatile 
  fossil- 
  

   iferous 
  deposits 
  from 
  Oregon, 
  California 
  and 
  Washington, 
  four 
  

   of 
  which 
  are 
  from 
  the 
  Western 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  mountains, 
  one 
  

   from 
  the 
  gap 
  and 
  one 
  from 
  the 
  east, 
  proving 
  that 
  the 
  fresh- 
  

   water 
  deposits 
  are 
  confined 
  to 
  neither 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  mountains. 
  

   The 
  Monterey 
  deposit 
  is 
  marine 
  Miocene 
  Tertiary. 
  

  

  New 
  York, 
  1870. 
  

  

  Notes 
  on 
  the 
  above. 
  

  

  The 
  deposit 
  from 
  Lake 
  Mono, 
  Cal., 
  to 
  Winas 
  River, 
  Wash., 
  are 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  

   same, 
  and 
  it 
  extends 
  from 
  Winas 
  River, 
  Wash., 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  Lake 
  Mono, 
  Cal., 
  

   on 
  the 
  south 
  to 
  Great 
  Salt 
  Lake, 
  U, 
  on 
  the 
  west. 
  That 
  is 
  to 
  say 
  the 
  most 
  northern 
  

   point 
  I 
  have 
  it 
  from 
  is 
  Winas 
  River, 
  Wash., 
  and 
  the 
  southernmost 
  point 
  is 
  Mono 
  

   Lake, 
  Cal, 
  on 
  the 
  west 
  and 
  Great 
  Salt 
  Lake, 
  U., 
  on 
  the 
  east. 
  They 
  were 
  investi- 
  

   gated 
  by 
  I. 
  C. 
  Russell 
  (U. 
  S. 
  Geological 
  Survey, 
  1885), 
  in 
  Western 
  Nevada 
  when 
  

   he 
  described 
  "Lake 
  Lahontan," 
  which 
  includes 
  Honey 
  Lake, 
  California, 
  Hum- 
  

   boldt, 
  Pyramid, 
  Winnemucca, 
  North 
  Carson, 
  South 
  Carson 
  and 
  Walker 
  Lakes, 
  

   Utah; 
  by 
  C. 
  K. 
  Gilbert 
  (U. 
  S. 
  Geological 
  Survey, 
  1890), 
  when 
  he 
  described 
  " 
  Lake 
  

   Bonneville," 
  which 
  includes 
  Great 
  Salt 
  Lake 
  and 
  Sevier 
  Lakes. 
  Utah, 
  and 
  at 
  

   Mono 
  Lake, 
  California, 
  by 
  1. 
  C. 
  Russell, 
  which 
  includes 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  little 
  lakes. 
  

   (U. 
  S. 
  Geological 
  Survey, 
  1886-7.) 
  The 
  three 
  are 
  made 
  separate 
  lakes 
  by 
  

   Gilbert 
  but 
  when 
  we 
  look 
  at 
  a 
  map 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  Basin 
  we 
  see 
  they 
  are 
  all 
  one. 
  

   This 
  one 
  great 
  lake 
  or 
  Occidental 
  Sea 
  extends 
  from 
  Washington 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  

   to 
  Arizona 
  on 
  the 
  south, 
  and 
  California 
  on 
  the 
  west 
  to 
  Utah 
  on 
  the 
  east. 
  

   The 
  country 
  is 
  flat, 
  making 
  the 
  Great 
  Plain 
  of 
  Fremont, 
  and 
  this 
  great 
  fresh- 
  

   water 
  sea 
  is 
  shown 
  by 
  the 
  Diatomaceas 
  composing 
  the 
  freshwater 
  marls, 
  of 
  a 
  

   white 
  or 
  nearly 
  white 
  color, 
  which 
  in 
  some 
  places, 
  as 
  at 
  Psucseeque 
  Creek, 
  are 
  

   twelve 
  in 
  number, 
  and 
  intercalated 
  with 
  lava 
  which 
  flowed 
  from 
  the 
  volcanoes 
  of 
  

   the 
  Lassen's 
  Peak 
  district 
  over 
  the 
  whole 
  extent 
  of 
  surface. 
  At 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  

   the 
  country 
  was 
  raised 
  and 
  earthquakes 
  were 
  common 
  and 
  are 
  still 
  common 
  and 
  

   the 
  Sierra 
  Nevada 
  is 
  rising 
  now. 
  This 
  sea 
  was 
  drained 
  into 
  the 
  Pacific 
  Ocean, 
  

   first 
  by 
  the 
  Colorado, 
  and 
  afterwards 
  by 
  the 
  Columbia, 
  and 
  subsequently 
  the 
  

   Klamath, 
  Pit, 
  Feather 
  and 
  San 
  Joaquin 
  rivers. 
  It 
  was 
  bounded 
  by 
  the 
  Rocky 
  

   Mountains 
  on 
  the 
  .east 
  and 
  the 
  low 
  range 
  of 
  mountains 
  made 
  up 
  principally 
  by 
  

   the 
  Coast 
  Range 
  on 
  the 
  west. 
  The 
  species 
  of 
  Diatomaeeas 
  present 
  are 
  Lysigoniurn 
  

   oricalcheaz 
  M. 
  (Gallionella 
  distans 
  C. 
  C. 
  E.) 
  and 
  Cyclotella 
  operculata 
  C. 
  A. 
  A. 
  (C. 
  

   Kutzingiana 
  T.) 
  mixed 
  with 
  several 
  other 
  species 
  in 
  small 
  quantity. 
  But 
  the 
  

   Lysigoniurn 
  and 
  Cyclotella 
  are 
  common 
  and 
  always 
  present. 
  Thus 
  showing 
  that 
  

   it 
  was 
  a 
  lake 
  of 
  still 
  water, 
  for 
  these 
  species 
  now 
  grow 
  in 
  freshwater 
  lakes 
  and 
  

   not 
  in 
  running 
  water 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  ocean. 
  

  

  My 
  reasons 
  for 
  making: 
  this 
  one 
  Occidental 
  Sea 
  and 
  including 
  Mono. 
  Honey, 
  

   Lower 
  Klamath, 
  Goose, 
  Clear, 
  Upper 
  and 
  Middle 
  in 
  Modoc 
  Co., 
  Eagle 
  Horse 
  and 
  

   Swan 
  Lakes 
  in 
  California; 
  Upper 
  Klamath, 
  Rhett 
  or 
  Tule 
  Wright, 
  Christmas 
  or 
  

   Warner 
  and 
  Maleur 
  Lakes 
  in 
  Oregon 
  ; 
  Chelan, 
  Great 
  Salt, 
  Utah, 
  Sevier 
  Lakes 
  in 
  

   Utah 
  and 
  Red 
  Lake 
  in 
  Arizona 
  besides 
  several 
  small 
  lakes 
  in 
  these 
  States, 
  are 
  the 
  

   finding 
  of 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  species 
  of 
  Diatomaceas 
  in 
  the 
  freshwater 
  marls 
  as 
  two 
  and 
  

   sometimes 
  twelve 
  strata 
  interstratified 
  with 
  lava. 
  The 
  flat 
  plain, 
  the 
  Great 
  

   Plain 
  of 
  Fremont, 
  whose 
  rocks 
  are 
  present 
  as 
  faulted 
  monoclines 
  over 
  the 
  sur- 
  

   faces, 
  takes 
  in 
  the 
  eastern 
  portion 
  of 
  California, 
  three-quarters 
  of 
  Oregon, 
  half 
  of 
  

   Washington 
  nearly 
  the 
  whole 
  of 
  Idaho, 
  all 
  of 
  Utah 
  and 
  Arizona 
  and 
  half 
  of 
  

   New 
  Mexico 
  and 
  perhaps 
  extends 
  into 
  Mexico. 
  

  

  Whether 
  this 
  includes 
  the 
  Sacramento 
  and 
  San 
  Joaquin 
  Rivers, 
  that 
  empty 
  by 
  

   way 
  of 
  the 
  Golden 
  Gate 
  into 
  the 
  Pacific 
  Ocean 
  is 
  doubtful, 
  but 
  extremely 
  likely, 
  

   as 
  the 
  Sierra 
  Nevada 
  is 
  later 
  in 
  time 
  of 
  formation 
  than 
  the 
  Coast 
  Range. 
  Tulare 
  

   Lake, 
  Cal., 
  the 
  sink 
  of 
  the 
  Kern 
  River, 
  is 
  also 
  most 
  likely 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  an 
  Intra- 
  

   glacial 
  deposit. 
  But 
  this 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  geologically 
  investigated. 
  

  

  The 
  geological 
  period 
  of 
  the 
  Occidental 
  Sea 
  is 
  most 
  likely 
  Oligocene 
  Tertiary 
  

   though 
  Gilbert 
  places 
  '* 
  Lake 
  Bonneville 
  " 
  in 
  the 
  Pleistocene. 
  That 
  is 
  to 
  say 
  

   11 
  Lake 
  Bonneville 
  " 
  was 
  finally 
  dried 
  out 
  in 
  the 
  Pleistocene. 
  The 
  Occidental 
  Sea 
  

   was 
  formed 
  and 
  the 
  freshwater 
  marl 
  laid 
  down 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  Tertiary. 
  

  

  