xv DARWINISM APPLIED TO MAN 453 



in others it is widely removed, giving the idea, so consonant 

 with the theory of evolution as developed by Darwin, that all 

 are derived from a common ancestor, from which the existing 

 anthropoid apes as well as man have diverged. When, 

 however, we turn from the details of anatomy to peculiarities 

 of external form and motions, we find that, in a variety of 

 characters, all these apes resemble each other and differ from 

 man, so that we may fairly say that, while they have diverged 

 somewhat from each other, they have diverged much more 

 widely from ourselves. Let us briefly enumerate some of 

 these differences. 



External Differences of Man and Ajies. 



All apes have large canine teeth, while in man these are 

 no longer than the adjacent incisors or premolars, the whole 

 forming a perfectly even series. In apes the arms are pro- 

 portionately much longer than in man, while the thighs are 

 much shorter. No ape stands really erect, a posture which 

 is natural in man. The thumb is proportionately larger in 

 man, and more perfectly opposable than in that of any ape. 

 The foot of man differs largely from that of all apes, in the 

 horizontal sole, the projecting heel, the short toes, and the 

 powerful great toe firmly attached parallel to the other toes ; 

 all perfectly adapted for maintaining the erect posture, and 

 for free motion without any aid from the arms or hands. In 

 apes the foot is formed almost exactly like our hand, with 

 a large thumb-like great toe quite free from the other toes, 

 and so articulated as to be opposable to them ; forming with 

 the long finger-like toes a perfect grasping hand. The sole 

 cannot be placed horizontally on the ground ; but when 

 standing on a level surface the animal rests on the outer edge 

 of the foot with the finger and thumb-like toes partly closed, 

 while the hands are placed on the ground resting on the 

 knuckles. The illustration on the next page (Fig. 37) shows, 

 fairly well, the peculiarities of the hands and feet of the chim- 

 panzee, and their marked differences, both in form and use, 

 from those of man. 



The four limbs, with the peculiarly formed feet and hands, 

 are those of arboreal animals which only occasionally and 

 awkwardly move on level ground. The arms are used in pro- 



