v "i CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



The Land Animals 283 



The earlier fauna, 283. The later fauna: the elephants, 

 284. The immigration of the ruminants, 285. The camels, 

 oreodons, and peccaries, 286. The evolution of the horse, 286. 

 The tapirs and rhinoceroses, 289. The carnivores, 289. The 

 primates in the Old World, 289. The marsupials, 290. The 

 lower vertebrates, 290. Summary, 290. 

 The Marine Life 290 



Provincialism dominant, 290. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



THE PLIOCENE PERIOD. 



Formations and Physical History 296 



The Lafayette Formation 301 



Thickness, 303. Constitution, 303. Color, 304. Partial 

 removal of the formation, 304. Fossils, 305. Genesis, 305. 



Marine Pliocene Beds 308 



The Atlantic coast, 308. The Gulf coast, 309. The Pacific 

 coast, 309. 



Crustal Movements of the Pliocene. . . 311 



Foreign 318 



The Life of the Pliocene 320 



The land plants, 320. The land animals, 321. The marine 

 life, 326. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



THE PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL PERIOD. 



Formations and Physical History 327 



General Distribution of Glaciation 327 



The Glaciation of North America 330 



The centers of glacial radiation, 330. Mountain glaciation, 

 333. Island glaciation, 336. Summary, 337. 



The Criteria of Glaciation 337 



The constitution of the drift, 338. The bowlders and 

 other stones of the drift, 340. Structure of the drift, 341. 

 Distribution of drift, 343. Topography of the drift, 344. 

 Thickness of the drift, 346. Contact of drift and underlying 

 rock, 346. Striation and planation, 346. The shapes of rock 

 hills, 351. Summary, 351. 



